Section II. Kāla, Muhūrta, the Influence of Astrology on Dharmasāstra and Calendar
Volume V: Part I
- ## Kāḷā ( vide under Kalpa
- Man-vantara, pralaya, Rudra, measures of Time, yuga); Āśvamedhikaparva has an elaborate metaphorical descri-ption of wheel of K. ; Bhagavad-gītā identifies K. with Kṛṣṇa ; derived from root ‘Kal’ in Bhagavad-gītā, included among nine *dravyās* by Vaiśeṣika-sūtra ; in the case of religious rites K. is not a mere detail, but is the *nimitta* ( occasion ) on the happening of which an act has to be performed and what is done at a time other than the prescribed one is as good as not done ; Mahābhārata frequently refers to theme of Kāḷā ; *mukhya* and *gauṇa* , not inclu-ded in the *tattvas* of Sāṅkhya, but m. in relation to Karaṇas ; Omkāra is said to be beyond the three divisions of K. by Māṇḍūkya Up. ; Pāṇini uses the word K. for 'time' in general or proper time or divisions of time ; Patañjali's impor-tant theory about K. that it does not exist except as a con-venient name or word for the manner of measuring changes and comparing them ; produced by Him who is inte-lligent and omniscient, accto Śv. Up., produces and destroys beings and is invincible, acc. to Ādiparva ; Purāṇas on K. hold that time is without beginning or end, is all-embracing and is identified with God ; Śāntiparva on the formidable influence of K. on all including even Indra and other gods ; Śāntiparva speaks of Kāla as 20th guṇa and to be the source and end of all beings ; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa uses it in sense of time or 'proper' time ; Śvetāśvataropaniṣad uses the word Kāla in sense of cause or source of creation ; units of K. ff; Upaniṣads use the word K. in the sense of 'end' or 'proper time' or 'appointed time' ; Vanaparva identifies Kṛṣṇa with K., Brahma, Rudra etc, views on time being non-existent as a separate entity or as being directly apprehended or as merely inferred ; word occurs in Ṛg. only once ; word used in two senses even by early Vedic times viz. time in general and as identified with Supreme Being ; Yogasūtrabhāṣya has a brief but interesting and abstract disquisition on K.
- Atharvaveda
- (verses of, used in Śāntis on dreams), (on Utpātas), (abhaya-mantras), (two interpretations of X. 8. 9), (magic spells in), (spells for softening the heart and for destroying worms), (on dīkṣā), (on joys of heaven), (aṣṭakāmantra
- Kāśyapa
- a ṛṣi in Ṛgveda
- Philosophy
- most men want to rely on something deemed higher than themselves such as Revelation and God, one of the oldest problems of P. is, Faith and Reason and there has been a constant struggle between these two, Time is first among the great problems of P. ; central point of much of Indian P. is contained in Chān. Up. VI. 1
- Time ( see under Kāla ); amānta reokoning 659; Buddhist Sanskrit writers like Prajñākaragupta hold that T. is not a separate entity 472; conception of
- divisions of T. from nimeṣa to Kalpa given by Manu ; first among great problems of philosophy ; fundamental periods of time are day, month, year, human reokoning of T. is fourfold viz. Saura, Cāndra, Sāvana, Nākṣatra ( or Ārkṣa ) 656n-59; identified with Nārāyaṇa in Mahānārāyaṇa Up. ; indications of the existence of T. acc. to Vaiśeṣikasūtra and Praśastapāda's bhāṣya ; is a dravya, acc. to Vaiśeṣikasūtra and Caraka ; Jaina writers hold that T. is one of six padārthas ; lengthy disquisition on T. in Maitri Up. ; long disquisition on T. in Nyāyamañjarī ; Manusmṛti on, measures of T. such as Yuga, Mahāyuga, Manvantara, Kalpa, 686f; minute divisions of T. such as nimeṣa mentioned from even Vedic times, nine reokonings of, out of which only five are ordinarily employed ; Nyāyasūtra holds that time is past, present or future ; pūrṇimānta reokoning ; questions as to, some western philosophic works on T. ; some philosophers hold that time is either past or future, but that there is no present T. ; space, T. and God are one and the same acc. to Raghunātha, follower of Navyanyāya ; spoken of, in the same terms as brahman in Maitri and Tai. Up. ; sublime conception of, in Atharvaveda as ageless, as the creator of everything, including Prajāpati, truṭa (or truṭi) as the smallest unit of T. in Kauṭilya and Sūryasiddhānta , units of T. from nimeṣa to year mentioned in Br. Up. ; units of time, same verse on, in Śāntiparva and Vāyu
- Ṛgveda (vide God
- Veda): 2-22, . , 726n-28n, 737n-39n, (mystic words and spells in), (Ṛg. V. . 4 deemed to refer to Kādividyā), (Ṛg. verses q. in Kularṇavatantra), (Ṛg. IV. . 5 ('Hamsaḥ' etc.) to be recited over wine and other tattvas in
Section II. Kāla, Muhūrta, the Influence of Astrology on Dharmasāstra and Calendar
KĀLA, MUHŪRTA, the influence of Astrology on DHARMAŚĀSTRA and CALENDAR CHAPTER XIV