धर्मः
Dharma: Meaning and Sources
The concept of dharma, its definitions, sources, and the authority of Vedic and smṛti texts.
217 paragraphs across 8 volumes
Volume I: Part I 74 paragraphs
...arva 373. 76), ‘ācārah paramo dharmaḥ’ (Manu I. 108). Harita defined dharma as ‘śrutipramāṇ...
...masūtra is a pupil of Baudhāyana as the Manusmṛti is promulgated by Bhṛgu, the pupil of Man...
...6 ). As to Gautama, *vide* p. 33 above. Manu is only mentioned in the fourth praśna, t...
But the relation between Vaṣ and the Manusmṛti is most important ; at least 61 verses of...
...9, which is similar). Vas 23. 43 (where Manu is referred to as prescribing an easy pen...
...7, and Manu 9. 237, Viṣṇu 20. 1-21, and Manu I. 67-73, Viṣṇu 51. 7-10 and Manu 4. 209-212, Vi...
...ing the lead of Bühler, that the extant Manusmṛti is an improved metrical edition of the Mā...
.... III. 231) is the same as Viṣṇu 34. 2. Manu is mentioned by name in several verses (v...
...rguments are the quotations ascribed to Manu in the Vasisthadharmasūtra.
...asūtra once existed and that the extant Manusmṛti is a recast of that sūtra must be held no...
...as one of the first seven Manus acc. to Manusmṛti I. 62) and the close correspondence of certai...
...spati is said to be the son of Aṅgiras (Ādiparva 76. 19). The Sabhāparva (55. 6) men-tions the ...
... taught it to Marīci, Bhrgu and others (Manu I. 35–36 and 58 ) and Bhrgu at the order of Manu...
...tra X. 6. 26 and Vajra in X. 6. 35. The Manusmṛti in VII. 187 mentions six Vyūhas viz. Daṇḍ...
...' and 4th is abhyupagama-siddhānta. The Manusmṛti insists on Dharma (spiritual and moral go...
...or that the Kauṭilya is quoting not the Manusmṛti itself, but the views of works based on o...
...-ṛtvigbhyaḥ pradadau mahim ।; vide also Ādi- parva 130. 61–62, Droṇaparva 70. 15–19, Śalyaparva 49. 7...
...s that Ānvīkṣikī is ‘ tarkavidyā. ’ The Ādiparva ( 70. 40 ) states that in Kanva's hermitage there ...
...in the sense of heretical sect or monk. Ādiparva 140. 63, Vana- parva 188. 49, Anuśāsanaparva 23...
... and to the Mahābhārata. As regards the Manusmṛti it would be shown below that some verses ...
Manu alone—in *Ādiparva* 41. 31, 74. 99, *Śānti* 56. 23-25 ( la...
...e only to passages of the Epic in which Manu is expressly nameḍ But there are hundreds...
...was cursed by great sages and perished (Ādiparva 75. 18-22). That Yudhisthira and Nala engaged in ...
...hat he remained silent when questioned (Ādiparva 107.9). He is also referred to in Ādi 63. 92–...
... 1927, p. 623). Dr. Caland's view about Manu is entirely wrong as will appear from the...
... after making an alliance (sandhi). The Ādiparva (76. 6) says that Kāvya was the purohita of the...
...ata spins certain stories on Cyavana in Ādiparva, chap. 6 and 8, Vanaparva chap. 122–124...
...myam sarvārtheṣvabravin Manuḥ'. Compare Ādiparva 83. 21, Udyogaparva 33. 64 and Manu VIII. 416.
...he Anukramaṇī to be Manu Vaivasvata and Manu is mentioned in VIII. 27. 4 and 14, in VI...
...nu is said to be omniscient (II. 7) and Manu is mentioned by name dozens of times in t...
... exhibits remarkable agreement with the Manusmṛti in phraseology and doctrineṣ824
...centuries before the Yogaśūtras and the Manusmṛti is based on the Upaniṣads and not on the ...
...der of the institution of Śrāddha riteṣ Manu is called ‘Śrāddhadeva’ in Brahmāṇḍa-purā...
...s person) was set out at some length by Manu in IX. 53–62, but immediately afterwards ...
...26-56). The general tenor of the extant Manusmṛti is against flesh-eating, but there was Ve...
...use the name of Manu ( human lawgiver ) Manu is not at fault. And such people are cert...
...ryāvarta would indicate that the extant Manusmṛti is not older than about 200 B. C. I shall...
...eṃ My own position is that the original Manusmṛti in verse had certain additions made in or...
...fferent words, on V. S. IV. 2. 6 quotes Manu I. 28 ('anvyo' &c. ), on V. S. I. 3. 36 refer...
...er the author speaks of Smṛtis, that of Manu is the first to come to his mind and Kumā...
...e fact that many quotations ascribed to Manu in several works are not found in the ext...
... in Manu, while frequent in Yāj. and as Manu is silent about the widow's rights, while...
...ti Bhārgava compressed the vast work of Manu into 4000 verses, he is somewhat obscurel...
Bṛhan-Manu is cited by the mitākṣarā only a few time...
...n later than our Manu. For example, our Manu is silent about the widow's right to inhe...
...of the upākhyānas ( Ādi. 1.101–2 ). The Ādiparva (63.89-90) states that Vyāsa
... find an echo of what we learn from the Ādiparva about the four pupils (excluding Śuka) ...
...ed to and also in Āśvamedhika 49. 2. In Ādiparva 70. 46 it is stated that in Kaṇva's hermi take...
...hārata itself had already stated in the Ādiparva and Vana- parva the same rule against k...
...ter Draupadī, daughter of king Drupada. Ādiparva (197. 35-36 and 44 ff) states the same ...
In Ādiparva the question how a polyandrous marriage...
...hich is only a supplement to the Epic ( Ādiparva chap. 2.82–83 ) reference is made to the ...
... the opening verses at the beginning of Ādiparva he praises one Lakṣmaṇārya, then two an...
...āṇkoli' (a bird) in Mahārāṣṭrabhāṣā; on Ādiparva 63.20 he explains 'piṭakaih' as 'petyā iti bh...
...exceed the number of chapters stated in Ādiparva, chap. 2. It is possible that later red...
...of Yājñavalkya's words with the text of Manu is in most cases very close, so much so t...
...rakirṇaka) in his section on vyavahāra. Manu is silent about the rights of inheritance...
...ave been taken without acknowledgement. Manu is expressly named in some places as in B...
...as those of the Manusmṛti. For example, Manu I. 85–86 occur in the first chapter of Parāśara,...
...eiṇ ‘Nārada is a very ancient name. The Manusmṛti (I. 35) mentions Nārada as one of the ten prime...
...ce of the titles of law. Nārada follows Manu in speaking of witnesses in the section o...
...-7">7 The first passage about Manu is quoted by Viśvarūpa on Yāj. ( II. 98 )...
...n (Nārada, marital relation, 97), while Manu is against it. Manu men- tions seven kind...
...s-pects Nārada agrees with the views of Manu instead of with Yāj., such as allowing a ...
We have seen that Nārada departs from Manu in several essential matterṣ On the other...
...ten primordial sages men- tioned in the Manusmṛti I. 34-35.
...ra to be employed in ordeals) occurs in Ādiparva 74. 30. No. 140 of the collection by Dr. Ghosh...
...it. also criticizes this view. He names Manu in connection with the succession of a pe...
... procedure of evolution is mentioned by Manu in I. 21 ff. He speaks of Vindhyavāsa
...ātithi (at the end of his commentary on Manu I. 11) remarks that these are *arthavādas* an...
...a (on Manu I. 22), Kākatalīya-nyāya (on Manu I. 12), Viśvajit-nyāya (on Manu II. 2).
...nly once on Manu III. 238 ), Vyāsa ( on Manu I. 55, X. 127 ), Śaṅkha ( 3 times in prose on...
Volume I: Part II 8 paragraphs
...a differs expressly from Govindarāja on Manu I, 5, I. 82 (Itaresvagamāt); II. 122, 125...
...ates that he had received the śāstra of Manu in an unbroken tradition of teacher and p...
...anu III. 232) and Purāṇa in general (on Manu I. 74 and 80). He frequently quotes the Gṛhya...
...s out the mistakes of Medhātithi (as on Manu I. 71 and 103, II. 101 )....
...acked to verses by Medieval writerṣ The Manusmṛti (in I. 34–35) says that the first human being created...
... answered until Bhāruci’s commentary on Manu is available in print.
...nd Śańkhalikhita. Among metrical Smṛtis Manu is quoted about a hundred times and Yājña...
..., pp. 202-04; points of difference from Manu in, pp. 204-07; authors named by, p. 209;...
Volume II: Part I 33 paragraphs
....54 and Manu VIII. 85, 91–92. Vide also Ādi- parva 74. 28-29, Manu VIII. 86, Anūśāsana 2. 73–74. The...
...tama XI. 20, Vasiṣṭha I. 17 and XIX. 7, Manu I. 118 and VIII. 41 and the word *jāti* (caste...
...ng to Manu, the 7th secures it. Further Manu is silent about jātyutkarṣa when the orig...
...cchivi?), Naṭa, Karaṇa, Khāśa, Draviḍa. Ādiparva 115. 43 tells us that Dhṛtarāṣṭra had from a va...
Paraśava. Vide nisāda above. In the Ādiparva 109. 25 Vidura is called pāraśava and he is sai...
... in very frequent eulogies of brāhmaṇaṣ Ādiparva (28. 3-4) says
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Ādiparva
28.3-4
...n of Gaṇeśa than even yajña-valkya. The Ādiparva makes Gaṇeśa write the Mahābhārata to t...
... that the kuṇḍa and golaka forbidden by Manu in śrāddha were those born under the anci...
... to him for attaining proficiency (vide Ādiparva 132 for the story and also Droṇaparva 181. ...
...tion (pratyabhivādana, and according to Manu in the case of women also) one should omi...
...om the side of the latter. The verse of Manu is interpreted by Haradatta and a few oth...
...ced on certain Upaniṣad passages and on Manu I. 21, Śānti-parva 233. 24 and other smṛtis T...
...of the queen of the reigning king (vide Ādiparva chap. 3 and Aśvamedhika-parve 56 ).
...aying that although in the Mahābhārata (Ādiparva 219. 17-18) Subhadrā is described as the daughter ...
...e on a nakṣatra presided over by Bhaga (Ādiparva 8. 16). The Kauśika sūtra (75. 2-4) makes an ...
...8-39), Kauṭilya III. 1, 59th prakaraṇa, Ādi-parva 102. 12-15 (they are described but not named) ; so...
... such other things were recommendeḍ The Ādiparva (60. 13-14) refers to Janamejaya's reception of Vyā...
...mentator of the Mahābhārata, raises (on Ādiparva 104. 35) the question about Draupadī’s marrying...
... 28. 1-9, Atri vv. 140-141 and 193-198, Ādiparva 74. 140-152, Śāntiparva 144. 6 and 12-17, Anuśāsana...
...(than men).' He then cites the dicta of Manu in support (verses 7-10). "One's mother o...
...ghest honour to their mother Kuntī. The Ādiparva chap. 37 says that one may avert the cons...
...ing meal in a vessel of bell-metal. The Ādiparva (160. 12) says ‘just as birds flock to a piece of...
...apter-xiii-niyoga-16">16 Vide Ādiparva, chap. 104 and 177, Anuśāsana, chap. 44...
...oved ). It is said in the Mahābhārata ( Ādiparva 104. 34-37 ) that Dirghatamas forbade remarriage a...
...ṣṇu contains any reference to satī. The Manusmṛti is entirely silent about it. It is stated...
...zans are an established institutioṇ The Ādiparva (115. 39) narrates how a veśyā waited upon Dhṛtar...
...rived from the cow as auspiciouṣ *Vide* Ādiparva 29. 34, Droṇaparva 127. 14 (for touching eight...
Volume II: Part II 10 paragraphs
... an image with a long or high nose. The Ādiparva 70. 49, Anuśāsana 10. 20–21, Aśvamedhika 70. 1...
...>94 The Mahābhārata narrates (Ādiparva 76-77) the story of Śukra, his daughter Devay...
...r in portents like an earth-quake. From Ādiparva 63. 1–29 it appears
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Ādiparva
63.1-29
Manu (I. 86) and others state that in the four *yuga...
...olved to undergo severe austeritieṣ The Ādiparva ( 128. 12–13 ) narrates that, on the death of Pāṇḍu, S...
...ouls of those who kill them- selveṣ The Ādiparva (179. 20) declares that one who commits suicide d...
...h. S. 96, Śāntiparva chap. 246 and 279, Ādiparva chap. 119. 7–21 and Aśvamedhika 46. 18–46...
...). Vide Yati-dh. p. 9 and Sṃ M. p. 177. Manu is careful to point out (VI. 35-37) that ...
...VI. 38 and 43, Āp. Dh. S. I. 9. 21. 10, Ādiparva 91. 12 ).
...essions in, are recited inaudibly 1121ṇ Ādiparva 7, 41, 74, 88, 154n, 155n, 215, 322, 427m...
Volume III 41 paragraphs
...rules of fair deal-ing and morality. In Ādiparva 140 we have a discourse by Kanika said to h...
...tāraḥ') here and in chap. 79. 1. In the Ādiparva 44. 6 it is stated that all the citizens of t...
...āsa echoes this in the Śakuntala II. 13 Ādiparva 213. 9 looks upon the king who takes the sixth...
...ldest and other sons disobeyed hiṃ Vide Ādiparva chap 75 ff and above p 42. The principle ...
...cret doctrine and in Dhanurveda. In the Ādiparva 221. 72-74 Abhimanyu is said to have learned from ...
...a III. 65, Matsya 215. 62, Agni 225 25, Ādiparva 49. 11, Sabhā 18. 24, Virāțaparva 18. 24, Śānt...
...āmanyo vratapate vratenādadhami’ (where Manu is styled grāmaņi). In the Sat. Br. V. 4....
...nd enjoys prosperity and happinesṣ’ The Ādiparva chap 109 (cr. ed chap 102) also contains ...
... of government. Other writers (and even Manu in VII 69–70) place the capital or fort a...
...f gaṇas in the army of the Kauravas The Ādiparva (2 19-22) differs from both tables in s...
Manu inculcates the necessity of making friend...
...came into vogue (compare Gaut VIII. 1). Manu I. 81-82 (= Śāntiparva 231. 23-24) state that in...
...d to this theory of spiritual debtṣ The Ādiparva (120. 17-20) holds that men owe four debts, viz. the...
.... II. 197, Nār. IX. 8, Kāt. 658, Vṛddha-Manu in V R. p. 163). Yāj. II. 198, Nār. IX. 7...
...ars to be that the word 'sīmāvivāda' in Manu is only illustrative and is a compendious...
...se of what she or he earnṣ This view of Manu is accepted by the Dāyabhāga as well as b...
...s, were not being performed and just as Manu ( I. 85 ) declares that the dharmas were differen...
... as stated by Manu IX. 138 ( =Ādiparva 229. 14 = Viṣṇu Dh. S. 15. 44 ). The son's clos...
...50), Viṣṇu Dh. S. 15 1-30, Mahābhārata (Ādiparva 120 31-34), Brahma-purāṇa (q. by Aparārka p...
...| Nārada | Bṛhaspati | Devala | Viṣṇu | Ādiparva | Yama | Brahma-purāṇa | | :---------- ...
...of these decisions is that the verse of Manu is construed as laying down that though a...
...a sonless man and the brothers also. So Manu is not definite about among parentṣ Kāt. ...
..., with which the subject as detailed by Manu is ushered in, that ‘either the court mus...
...understanding of the Veda (as stated by Manu in XII. 105-106) He is even prepared to c...
... the fact that Subhadrā was said in the Ādiparva (219. 18 = cr. ed 211. 18) to have been...
...hly venerated smṛtis (as those of Manu) Manu in several places provides for the enfor-...
...hich is in conflict with the purport of Manu is not commended’. Angiras also states th...
...law’ (Sir William Jones’ translation of Manu I. 108) and that “under the Hindu system of la...
... to these dayṣ Gaut. XI. 20, Vas I. 17, Manu I. 118, VIII. 41 and 46, Kaut. III. 7, Śukra I...
From the Mahābhārata (Śānti 59), Manu (I. 81), Nārada (I. 1–2), Bṛhaspati and the Pur...
...e in Dvāpara and charity alone in Kali (Manu I 85, Śānti 232 27 and 261. 8, Parāśara I...
...rt time (about three years according to Ādiparva, 62, 52, cr. eḍ chap 56, 32 ) after the...
...; but he refutes that view and explains Manu I. 85 by saying that the meaning is that the ...
...p 16). It has to be remembered that the Ādiparva (85. 34) states that mlecchas and yavanas sprang...
...). But this is opposed to traditioṇ The Ādiparva (chap. 76) narrates...
...e qualifications of a ‘pratihāra’. Vide Ādiparva 85, 28-29, Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 12, Śu...
...and Vaṣ 16, 34; verse 11 is the same as Ādiparva 74. 103, Śāntiparva 162. 26 and Anusasana 75. 2...
...6, 942, 948. Bṛhaspati, smṛti of, holds Manu in high esteem but rarely criticizes it a...
...rva 416, four d owed by all men, acc to Ādiparva 416, grandson's and great-grandson's liabil...
...ded his wealth among his sons 543, 622. Manusmṛti is authoritative for all people 853, pre-...
Volume IV 12 paragraphs
...at power of mantras is mentioned in the Ādiparva (161. 14) by Kunti. The Nṛsimha-purāṇa in chap.18...
...from Samvarta (122) to the same effect. Manu in the chapter on penances (XI. 100–101 =...
...escribed by the pariṣad as the words of Manu in XI. 73 'icchayātmanah' and 'prāsyed-āt...
... brāhmaṇa-murder. As the treat- ment of Manu is tolerably long, an analysis of it alon...
... word putra is offered by Manu IX 138 (=Ādiparva 229.14= Visnudharmasūtra 15.44). Gautama (13.7...
...quently e. g. the cremation of Pāṇḍu in Ādiparva, chap 127 (the body was carried in a śi...
...and several other workṣ The list in the Manusmṛti is one of the longest and that is set out...
...uryapura (S. B. E. vol. 45 p. 112). The Ādiparva (221. 46) indicates that Mathurā was famed for ex...
...ma- candra (eḍ by Böhtlingk, 1847). Ādi—Ādiparva of the Mahābhārata Ag.—Agnipurāṇa. A. G...
...here as distinguished from Mūlatāpī) In Ādiparva chapters 171-173 Tapatī is a daughter of ...
...8n Adhaka, see under ‘droṇa’ Ādiparva, 51, 161, 223, 614, 615, 687 Ādipurāṇa,...
Volume V: Part I 8 paragraphs
...the theme of Kāla time and again In the Ādiparva it is said ‘Kāla creates beings and Kāla ...
...tionṣ A few examples alone can be citeḍ Manu (I. 64) furnishes the following table : 18 nime...
...nref-chapter-xvi-muhūrta-6">6 Manu I. 64, Kauṭilya (quoted in note 681) and seve...
..., Sāvitra, Maitra, Bala and Vijaya. The Ādiparva (123. 6) states that Yudhiṣṭhira was born when t...
... and Śāntiparva, chap 69 and 231-232 ), Manu I 61–74, 79–86, Viṣṇudharmasūtra chap 20....
...ed it, that Manvantaras are numberless (Manusmṛti I 80) and that the Great God (Parameṣṭhin...
...a in his Daśagītikā verse 3 states that Manu is a period of 72 yugas, while all the sm...
Volume V: Part II 31 paragraphs
...ow. At the end the Purāṇa says that the Ādiparva of the Mahābhārata or all its parvas ma...
...g by Yayāti, most of which occur in the Ādiparva 75. 50–53 and 85. 12–15, Brahmāṇḍa III. 68. 96–10...
...y that all borrow from the Mahābhārata, Ādiparva 75. 44 ff., 85. 9 ff. and Anuśāsana 7. 21 ff. ...
...t secure absorption into *brahma*. The *Ādiparva* provides 'ahimsā is the highest dharma...
...s almost the same as Manu VIII. 416 and Ādiparva (82. 23=Cr. Eḍ 77. 22). Śabara frequent...
...yajña, adhidaivika and adhyātmika typeṣ Manu I. 23 and Vedānga- jyotișa say that the mantr...
...aṅkarācārya based on Bṛ. Up. II. 4. 10. Manu I, 21 (stating that Brahmā created from t...
...ar was fought between Dvāpara and Kali (Ādiparva 2. 13) and Kaliyuga was about to start at the...
...orted to. One was to insert passages in Manusmṛti itself and in other works opposing what h...
...is verse of Manu I. 108 in modern timeṣ Manu in (II. 10) asserts that Veda and smṛti a...
... not (directly) opposed to Vedic textṣ’ Manu I. 118 states that he has embodied in his Śāst...
...ded down by ancient sageṣ Medhātithi on Manu I. 84 ('vedoktam-āyur-martyānām) has a long n...
...ee guṇas, objects of sense, five senseṣ Manu I. 27 refers to the five tanmātrās of the fiv...
.... vol. III, p. 353 and notes 536, 537). Manu in IV. 138 makes an exception for ordinar...
...Paramātman). The Gītā (VIII. 17–18) and Manu I. 73 state that the day of Brahmā is equal t...
Another theory of creation is stated in Manusmṛti I. 32-41. Brahmā divided his own body into two h...
... has no place in standard Sāṅkhya). The Manusmṛti is in the habit of stating opposing views...
...in occur verses that are the same as in Manusmṛti I. 65-67, 69-70, 75-77, 81-83, 85-86. It is diff...
...he Matsya closely follows (in I. 37–41) Manu I. 5–13. It refers to the creation of the seven sa...
...luded among Devarṣis (Vāyu 61. 85). The Manusmṛti includes Nārada among the first ten Prajā...
...rough several vile births, as stated by Manu in XII. 55–58, Yaj. III. 207–208 and by Ś...
...fects of karma to one's descendantṣ The Ādiparva states 'if the consequences of sin are ...
...ations of dharmas common to all meṇ The Manusmṛti ( I. 1 ) begins by saying that the great sages r...
...38 points out that śūdras like Vidura ( Ādiparva 63. 96–97 and 114, 106. 24–28, Udyogaparva 41. 5 ...
...utūhalavṛtti of Vāsudeva Dīkṣita, 1163ṇ Ādiparva, 90n, 126, 130, 466, 488n, 539, 622n, 6...
...253; translated Manusmṛti and re-ndered Manu I. 108 (ācāraḥ paramo dharmaḥ) as ‘imme-morial...
...troys beings and is invincible, acc. to Ādiparva 166-467; Purāṇas on K. hold that time is withou...
...as the daughter of Vasudeva (though the Ādiparva expre- ssly states that she was so) 128...
...was the daughter of Vasudēva, even when Ādiparva expressly says so 1280. - **Subrahman...
...imparted them to four disciples acc. to Ādi- parva and Purāṇas 857; 1161; composed Mahābhā...