General Index
Volume II: Part II pp. 1279–1358
General Index
(N. B.—Full references to works and authors like the Mahābhārata, Manu, Yājñavalkya that are quoted dozens of times have not been giveṇ After the first dozen references the attempt has been given up in such caseṣ The only exceptions made are about ‘Inscriptions’, ‘Jaimini’, and ‘Śābara’. Abbe Dubois 20. Abapūrti, a saṁskāra 196, 258-260. Abhijit, 28th nakṣatra, added between Śravaṇa and Uttarāṣāḍha 247. Abhiras, a caste 72-73, 252; are distinct from śūdras according to Mahābhāṣya 72; history and origin of 72-73; modern Ahirs 73; speech of abhiras was called Apabhraṁśa 72. Abhiṣecaṇīya, principal among the rites in Rājasūya, 1215; procedure of 1216-1218. Abhiṣikta, a caste 71. Abhivādana (bowing to a person) of three kinds 336; rules about 335-338; various modes, according as the person honoured knows pratyabhivāda 337-8. Abhyājñā, mantras 253ṇ Abliṅga, verses 317n, 955. Ācamana (sipping water): before and after bhojana 316; occasions for 316; procedure of, is of four kinds 653; rules about 315-316 652; three times in Saṁdhyā with three names of Viṣṇu 315; twice, necessary in some cases 316; to be done with the brāhma tīrtha 316; water for, in devapūjā 731. Ācāradinākara, a Jaina work 321, 725. Ācāramayūkha 647, 648n, 648,675. Ācāraratna 657 n, 672 n, 675, 716n, 729 n, 1000ṇ Ācārya: compared with father and mother 323; derivation of 323; for veda teaching must ordinarily be a brāhmaṇa 325; greatness of 323; highest among all gurus 323; qualifications of 324-325. Adhriguprāiṣa 1121n; Jaimini explains many words in, 1121-22n; meaning of adhrigu 1121; some expressions in, are recited inaudibly 1121ṇ Ādiparva 7, 41, 74, 88, 154n, 155n, 215, 322, 427m, 431n, 460, 501 &c. Adityagupta 95, 99, 784, 926. Ādityadarśana, same as niṣkramaṇa 196; Ādityadarśana, a coṃ of Kāṭhakagṛhya 223, 532. Ādityapurāṇa 18, 78, 209n, 451. Āditya-vrata, for brahmacārin 371. Adopted: dictum of Manu that a. son does not take gotra and wealth of genitive father is restricted to inheritance and śrāddha and does not extend to marriage 493. Adultery: abandonment of wife for, allowed by sages in four cases ... 571; is upapātaka according to Manu 572n; nothing so harmful to life as, 567; punishment for, in case of śūdra male 160; punishment for, in case of brāhmaṇa male 160; punishment of wife for 570-71; rules as to husband’s rights in case of wife’s a. 572-73. Againa, works on 713. Agastya, gotra, divisions of 490; Lopāmudrā, wife of 586. Aghamarṣa: 317, 661, 686, 955; a. hymn purifies a man 686. Āghāras: 207; two, to Prajāpati and Indra ... 1051ṇ Aghāsika: a caste 102. Agneya-anūna: 668. Agni: (see also under fire, haviṣya), addressed under various names in different ceremonies 212, 818; ardhādhāna and sarvādhāna methods of maintaining śrauta a. 919n; all three śrauta fires to he permanently maintained by those called 'gatāśrī' according to some 999; brahmacārin had to offer fuel-stick twice every day in 307; called purohita 40; called gṛhapati in the Ṛgveda 418; gṛhya, worship of, from day of marriage 307; positions of the vedic fires 989; śrauta, could he kindled only by one who had attained a certain age 676; sviṣṭakṛt, offering to, at end of a rite 208, 211; two views ahont the necessity of kindling śrauta fires 676-677. Agniṣayana: meaning of 1246; pro-cedure of 1247-1255; bricks of various sizes and names, how prepared 1248-49; altar in, how arranged 1249-53; observances for a year after performance of 1255. Agnihotra: oow identified with 1001; daily offered twice 998; daily homa is performed with cow's milk or ājya or cooked rice &c. 1001; deities to whom offered 681, 1003-1004; highly thought of in vedic times, but not obligatory on every body 677; is the second of seven havīryaajñas 998; kṣatriyas and a. 1006-7; lasts as long as life lasts 425, 676; lasts throughout life according to vedlo passages 998; oblations in, of what corn 681; one who has lost his wife may perform 685, 1000; prooēdure of śrauta a. 1000-1006; śrauta a. 998-1008; somewhat rare even in an-cient times 979; time of 979; time of morning and evening śrauta a. 999-1000; underlying idea of, was that oblations thrown into fire reach the sun, that sends rain, which prodnces crops, the sustenance of all beings 680; upasthāna of fire in 1006; whether gṛhya homa should precede or follow śrauta homa 1000; who is to milk the oow in a. 1001; Agnihotra-haviṣi: a sruc with which agnihotra is offered 1002n; was looked by the agnihotrin in ancient times 1005. Agnihotrāsthālī: vessel in which cow's milk for agnihotra is held 1002; Agnihotrin: had to offer twice daily oblations of clarified butter in śrauta fire 678; had to perform samdhyā in the house and for a very short time 313-314; a. has become very rare in modern times 678; many a. do not establish sabhya and āvasathya fires 992; rules for a. leaving his house for one night or longer or leaving along with wife 1007-8; should personally perform agnihotra every day, but must do so at least on parva days 1007; Agnikula Kṣatriyas: four principal classes of 382; Agnimāruta: last śastra in Agni-ṣṭoma 1196. Agnipurāṇa: 73, 89, 90, 96, 215, 315n, 718, 725, 844n, 847n, 852n &c. Agnitanu: formulae 994. Agniṣṭoma: (see under 'avahṛtha', 'sacrifices', 'soma', 'dīkṣita', 'pravargya', 'upasada', 'stotra', 'śastra', 'dakṣiṇā') 1188-1203; Agnimaruta, last śastra in 1196; Agnidbhriya shed in 1155; ṝcas and pratigaras in 1179-1180; Ṛjya-śastra 1180-1181; allowing acohe- vska priest to partake of soma in 1177-1178; anubandhya rite 1200-1201; A. and Jyotiṣṭoma are often identified 1133; Arbhava- pavamāna ohanted in 3rd pressing 1193; ātithyeṣṭi for hospitably receiving soma stalks in 1146; avāntaradikṣā of sacrificer 1147; carrying fire from original āhava- nīya to uttaravedi 1153; construction of mahāvedi 1152; dadhigharma in mid-day pressing 1187; dakṣiṇā homa 1188; Devikā offerings to Dhātṛ, Anumati, Rākā, Sinīvāli and Kuhū 1201; dhīṣṇyas, eight, prepared, six of which are in sadas 1156-57; dīkṣā takes place in afternoon 1138; dīkṣaṇīyeṣṭi 1136-1137; erection of havirdhāna shed 1154; even a king had to go through the form of requesting brāhmaṇas for grant of sacrificial ground 1135; five savanīya offer- ings on last day in 1163; four round holes called uparavas dug under shafts of southern cart 1154; Hariyojana cup in 1197; havis of the limbs of savanīyapaśu offered in 3rd pressing of soma 1193; is one day sacrifice 1133; last day of, is called sutya 1161; mahābhiṣava (great pressing of soma) described 1164-66; madhy- andina-savana described 1186- 1192; mārjālīya shed in 1157; measurement of mahāvedi on 2nd upasad day 1152; mindā mantras recited towards end of 1198; model of all soma sacrifices 1133; nihnava (salutation) to Heaven and Earth in 1147; nivid in the first śāstra in 1180; Patnīvata oup 1194-1195; patras required in soma sacrifice 1161n, 1162; pitch of the voice at several stages in 1137; prātaranu- vāka recited in three parts by hotṛ on last day in 1162-1163; pravargya 1147-1151; prayāṇīya (opening) iṣṭi 1140; priest called grāvastut wears as a turban the cloth in which soma stalks were tied 1186; priests creep like hunters towards north corner of vedi when Bahiṣ- pavamāna stotra is to be chant- ed, 1167; purchase of king soma 1141; qualifications of priests in, 1134; reason why so called, 1134; ṛtu-grahas in, 1178; sacrifice of Agniṣomiya paśu on 4th day in, 1158, 1159; sacrificer has to cut his hair, pare his nails, brush teeth and anoint on milk in, 1135-36; sacrificer to go to king for a sacrificial ground in, 1134; sacrificer is given antelope horn for scratching body and a staff of udumbara, 1137-38; sadas, con- struction of, in, 1155; savaniya animal sacrificed on last day in, 1174; savaniya offerings of cake &c., 1174-1175; season for per- formance of, 1134; soma placed on a touch of udumbara wood, 1146; stomabhāgas repeated by brāhmaṇa, 1167; stones for crushing soma stalks, 1158; stotras are of two kinds in, pavamāna and dhurya, 1167; śukrāmanthi-pracāra in, 1175; tānūnaptra (solemn covenant) between priests and sacrificer after ātithyeṣṭi, 1146- 1147; twelve śāstras in, 1181-1182; udavasānīya iṣṭi in, 1201; udum- bara post planted in sadas, 1155- 1156; udāyanīyā iṣṭi at end of, 1200; upasad iṣṭi twice daily for three days in, 1151-52; Vaiśarjana homa in which priests and sacri- ficer and wife touch each other and are covered with cloth, 1158; Vaivakramaṇa offerings in, 1190; Vasatīvari water brought before evening on Agniṣomiya day, 1160; vipruḍḍhoma, 1166n; waters, two kinds of, used in extracting soma juice in, 1164n; wife is girt up with yoktra, has hair covered with jāla and a piece of holy wood to scratch her body with, 1138; wife of sacrificer has to undergo apsu-dīkṣā except cutting of hair, 1136; wife undergoes purification of body with bunches of darbha at the instance of pratiprasthātṛ, 1136; wife pours pānnejana water on her thigh at the chanting of yajña-yajñīya stotra in, 1195; Yajñāyajñīya stotra is last in, 1195. Agnyādheya, 986–997; formulae in establishing vedic fires differed according to gotra and varṇa, 994n; A. is an iṣṭi, 986; A. is first of the seven havīryajñas of Gautama 986; meaning of, 987; occupies two days, 986; procedure of, 987; sāmans in, chanted in- audibly by brahmā priest, 996 and 996n; times for, 986-987. Agrāhāra, grant of land to brāhmaṇas, 869. Āgrāhaṇī, 829–831; one of the seven pākayajñas, 829. Āgrayaṇa (offering of first corn). 827–829; also called ‘navayajña’ or navasasyeyeṣṭi, 827; prescribed in śrauta sūtras for those who maintain vedic fires, 828, 1106–7; prescribed also for those who do not maintain vedic fires, 828; seventeen sāmidhenī verses in śrauta a. 1106; Vaikhānasa con- nects the pitṛs also with this rite, 829. Agriculture: an avocation common to all varṇas in later smṛtis 126 n; allowed to śūdras as an avocation 121; condemned by Manu for brāhmaṇas 125; conflict of views among dharmaśāstras about allow- ing to brāhmaṇas 125; gambler’s song in the Ṛgveda recommends a. 125; one should give up a. if unable to arrange for study and a, 125; restrictions on brāhmaṇas as to 124-126; oxen in, should be considerately treated by brāhmaṇa 125; study of veda tends to loss of, 125. Āhavanīya (fire), 989, 992; mound of, is square, 994n; Ahimsā, a duty common to all beings, 10, 776; doctrine of, influenced by theory of karma and transmi- gration of souls, 776; insisted on, because of defilement supposed to be caused by flesh-eating, 776. Ahina, a species of soma sacrifices extending over more than one day, 1213-1214. Ahiṇḍika, a caste, 73. Ahitupṇḍika, a caste, 102. Ahitāgni (one who has kindled vedic fires) is cremated with his sacrificial utensils 985ṇ Āhnika (daily duties and rites) 643 ff.; most important items of, are six, 646; principal matters falling under 646. Āhnika-prakāśa, 52n, 318, 647, 648n, 654n, 667n, 668n, 687n, 695, 700 &c. Āhnika-tattva, 643, 647n, 648ṇ Āhutis, procedure applying to all a. of ājya, 997ṇ Aikeśdasīna sacrifice, eleven ani- mals are offered to eleven deities in 1132; thirteen yūpas are made or one yūpa may suffice 1132ṇ Airipi-dāna, a rite subsequent to marriage, 537-538. Aitareya Āraṇyaka, 372n, 394, 406, 428n, 750, 758, 1245. Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, 13n, 15n, 29, 32n, 33, 34n, 35, 36, 37, 39n, 40, 46, 71, 213, 419 &c. Aitāśa, story of, in Ait. Br., 480. Aitāśyanas, lowest among Bhṛgus, 480; most sinful among Aurvas, 480. Aiyer, Sir Sivaswamy, 4ṇ Ajātaśatru, king of Kāśī, 38; expoun- ded philosophy to Bālaki, 106. Ajya, is the material of homa when none expressly specified, 681, 985; ordinarily of cow to be used, but she-buffalo’s ghee or sesame oil may be substituted, 1041ṇ Ajjabhāgas, 207n; in pūrṇamāsa are called Vṛtraghna and in dar- śeṣṭi Vidhanvantau, 1060; two, 1059-1060; they are the eyes of yajña, 1059n; procedure of, 1060ṇ Ājyadoha, mantras, 372ṇ Akṣayanīvī (pormanont ondow- ment), 860ṇ Alberuni, work of, on India, 172, 363. Altekar, Dr. A. S., 321n, 537. Alwars, 177. Amarakantaka, throwing oneself from peaks of, oulogised in Matayapurāṇa, 925; Amarakośa, 73, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 98. Ambastha, 53, 71-72; anuloma cast, 53, 71; avocations of, 71-72. Ambaghṭya, a king, performed aśva- medha 71. Ambikā, described as sister of Rudra, 213n, 1104; mother of Gaṇeśa in Yāj. 214. Āmīkṣā (same as payasya), 1092ṇ Anadhyāyas (days of cessation from Veda study), 393-402; ākalika, 399; a. and brahma-yajña, 394, 401; for brahmacārin for a lesser num- ber of days, 400; lasting for one whole day, 398; lasting only for a portion of the day, 397-398; lasting for three days, 398, 399; lasting for twelve days or more, 400; nitya a. 402; occasions of, stated in Śat. Br. and Tai. Ar., 394; of three kinds, 400-401; on death of king, upādhyāya, fellow- student, 398-399; revolving in mind of Veda allowed even on a. days, 401; rules about a. apply only to learning veda and not to its use in religious rites, 401; tātka like, 396; tithis of, 395; vedāṅgas and śāstras could be stu- died on a. days, 401-402. Ānadagiri, 944. Anantadeva, author of Samskṛa- kaustubha, 201ṇ Anavalobhana, 196, 220-221; a part of puṁsavana rite, 220; same as garbharakṣaṇa. Andhra, caste, origin and avocation of, 69. Andhras, associated with Pulindas in Rock Edict of Aśoka, 69; Viśvāmitra's sons became, 47. Andhras, founder of dynasty of, is said to have been a śūdra, 1238. Aṅgiras, smṛti of, 70n, 89, 134, 153, 168, 171, 174n, 194, 310, 358n, 438 &c. Aṅgirasa, mantra called, is Ṛg. IV. 40.5., 378ṇ Aṅgirasa, story of, who addressed his ancestors as 'boys' when ho taught them, 345. Aṅgiropaṇa, divisions and sub-divi- sions of, 490. Anglican church, hierarchy of Aroh- bishops, bishops &c. 118; Thirty- nine Articles of, 117ṇ Aṅguttara-nikāya, a Pāli week, 831. Animals, not propor for being sacrificed,773; sacrificial, are horse, ox, goat and ram, 773. Annaprāśana, a saṁskāra, 196, 256- 258. Anniversary, of birth of a child, every month or year, 258; of the day of marriage, 259. Antelope (vide under yajña), coun- try of black, associated with spiri- tual eminencoe, 14; skin has been a symbol of vedic culture and holiness, 1026ṇ Antya, applies to all lowest castes, 69-70. Antyaja, applied to all lowest castes like caṇḍālas, 70; is one who eats cow's flesh according to Veda- Vyāsa, 71; most a. castes are no longer untouchable, 173; seven kinds of, enumerated in some smṛtis, 70; soldiers referred to in Mahābhārata, 70; touch of many castes of, did not require a bath for purification, 171; two groups of, distinguished by Mitākṣarā 70; twelve kinds of, mentioned by Veda-Vyāsa, 71. Antyāvasāyin, 70, 71; lowest group of antyajas according to the Mitākṣarā, 70; Manu distinguished between antya and antyāvasāyin, 71; is modern Dom, 71; origin of, 71; stays in a cemetery, 71. Antyeṣṭi, a saṁskāra, 197. Anubandhyā, rite of offering barren cow after Udayanīyā iṣṭi, 1200- 1201; now āmikṣā offered instead, 1201. Anucara, of three verses, 1190ṇ Anukramaṇī of the Ṛgveda, 221n, 487ṇ Anuloma (see under ‘caste’ and ‘marriage’) castes six, 53, 57; entitled to upanayana and other saṁskāras of dvijas, 53; marriage, approved by Gautama and many others, 53; meaning of, 52; status of children of anuloma marriages, 55-56; theory of anuloma castes, 52-53; theory of pratiloma castes, 53. Anumati, iṣṭi for, in Rājasūya, 1215. Anupravacanīya, sacrifice after part of Veda is learnt, 283. Anurūpa, a triplet in a śāstra, 1186. Anus, tribe of, 39. Anuśāsana-parva, 2n, 7, 10n, 56n, 59, 60, 63n, 66, 71, 73, 77, 81, 86, 88, 92, 100n, 313n, &c. Anuvāda, 289. Anuvākyā (same as puronuvākyā ). Anuyājas (offerings subsequent to principal ones), are three in darśa- pūrṇamāsa, 1057n, 1071n; deities of, 1057n, 1071ṇ Anvēṣāryapacana, a name of dakṣi- nāgni, 989ṇ Anvarambhāṇīyā iṣṭi, 1010 and ṇ Anvaṣṭakā day, 794; śrāddha offered on piṇḍas for female ancestors in, 794. Āpad (distress), dharma for brāh- maṇas in, 118ff; several means of maintaining oneself in, 129-130; ten means of maintaining oneself in, given by Manu, 129. Aparārka, 6n, 15, 54, 56, 63n, 72, 76, 78, 150, 277n, 280 &c. Āpastamba, dharmasūtra of, 1, 7, 34, 35, 44n, 52, 197, 212n, 259n, 269, 270n, 258, &c. Āpastamba, gṛhya-sūtra of, 195, 196, 203, 207n, 223, 234, 235, 275, 276, 279, &c. Āpastambīya-mantra-pāṭha, 219, 221, 223, 224n, 228, 234, 235, 253n, 257, 263n, 268, 272 &c. Āpastamba, śrauta-sūtra of, 46, 211n, 386, 401, 642n, 679, 684, 919n, 989n, 999, &c. Āpastamba, smṛti of, in verse, 7n, 80, 96, 126, 326n, 451, 790. Āpita, a caste, 72. Appayadīkṣita, 917. Apprentice, system of, for learning śilpas, 365. Āpri, derivation of, 1118n; persons of Śunaka and Vasiṣṭha gotras should repeat their own Āpri hymns, while others should employ Ṛg. X, 110, 1118; second prayāja deity is either Tanūnapāt or Narāśaṁsa, 1118; ten Āpri hymns in Ṛgveda, 1118; two meanings of, 1118n; Ā. verses are used as yājyās in mak- ing prayāja offerings in paśuban- dha, 1118. Aptoryāma, a soma sacrifice, 1206. Aratni, a measure of length, 209 and ṇ Āraṭṭaka, country of, 16; sojourn in, made one liable to undergo expiation, 16. Ārbhava-pavamāna, chanted in evening pressing of soma. 1193. Arḍrākṣatāropapa, is among the last ceremonies of marriage, 536. Aristotle, 9. Arjuna, secret name of Indra, 241. Arjuna, is said to have been intoxi- cated with wine, 795-796; one of the Pāṇḍavas, is charged with marrying his maternal uncle's daughter, 459-60; met death in battle with his son Babhruvāhana but was brought back to life by Ulūpī, 1238. Arkavivāha, man who loses two wives by death goes through this rite before marrying a third, 546. Arrian, says that Indian dress was made of cotton, 670. Arṣa, form of marriage, 517. Artha, a goal of human life, 8. Arthaśāstra (vide under Kauṭilya), 9, 67n, 183, 266n, 645. Atharvaveda, 1044n; an a. text may be construed as a vidhi according to Jaimini, 463. Arundhatī, 631; star of, to be shown to bride in marriage rites, 530. Arunmukha, name of certain yatis killed by Indra, 419. Ārya, child, cannot be reduced to slavery by his father according to Kauṭilya, 508. Aryan, culture, ocutre of, in Ṛgve- dic times, 11-12; Aryan, culture, centre of, in Brāh- maṇas, 12. Āryas, and dāsas formed opposing camps, 25; had internecine quar- rely even in Ṛgveda times, 27. Āryāvarta, extent of, differed at different periods and according to different writers, 11-15; and black antelope, 13; countries outside Ā. not to be visited except on pilgri- mage, 18; what countries beyond pale of, 15-16. Aśauca, (impurity on birth or death), less for brāhmaṇas than for others, 153. Ascetic, apostate from order of, be- came a slave of the king, 185-186; apostate from order of, to be branded and banished, 186; highly eulogised as a guest, 754; was required by Vasiṣṭha to take even flesh in śrāddha and rites for gods, 777. Asceticism, features of, are common to all religions, 975; several as- pects of, 975. Asiknī, river in Ṛg., 12. Aśoka, constructed wells on roads and planted mango and banyan trees, 894; enjoins kind treatment of slaves, 183; established hospi- tals for men and beasts, 4n; for- bade the killing of certain birds and animals, 778; inscribed on stone virtues he most prized, 10; on flesh-eating, 778; Rock edicts of, 69, 113; refers to Yonas, 93. Āśramas (sce under brahmacarya, householder, sannyāsa) 416; all four mentioned in Jabālopaniṣad, 421; earliest reference to, pro- bably in the Ait. Br., 420; fea- tures characteristic of each of four, 837; Kapila, an asura, is said by Bauḍ Dh. S. to have started system of four, 417; difference between theories of varṇas and āśramas, 423; no ā. superior to others, according to Āp. Dh. S., 425; number of, 416; sannyāsa mentioned in Muṇḍakopaniṣad, 421; śūdra could take only to householder's stage, 163, 924; theory of Manu and others about, 417-418; three ā. clearly referred to in Chāṇ Up., 420, 422-24; three different points of view about, 424-426; various names for the last āśrama, 417; what duties common to all, 6; word ā. does not occur in Vedic Saṁhitās or Brāhmaṇas, 418. Āśrama-dharma, meaning of,22 3. Āśramavāsīparva, 10n, 498, 869, 923, 945. Aṣṭaka days, 398; killing of cows in, 776. Aṣṭāṅgasaṅgraha, of Vāgbhaṭa, 656n, 735. Aṣṭāvakra, coṃ of Manavāgṛhya, 440, 817. Astrology (see under kūtas): consideration of, led to abandoning a child if born on certain conjunctions, 237; details of, entered in all rites, 204; in Upanayana, 277; in marriage, 513-515; predictions of a. from the time of birth, 236; to be consulted in marriages only if girl is not more than ten years old, 513. Āsura, form of marriage, 517, 519; form, essence of, is monetary consideration for giving the girl received by father or guardian, 525; Ṛgveda and Nirukta refer to ā. form, 525. Asura, meaning of, in Ṛgveda, 25. Āśvalāyana, water offered to, in tarpaṇa, 691. Āśvalāyana-grhya-kārikās, of Kumarila 222. Āśvalāyana-grhya-pariśiṣṭa 210, 533, 891, 896. Āśvalāyana-grhya-sūtra, 78, 196, 197, 201n, 207, 221, 274, 276, 278, 279 &c. Āśvalāyana-śrauta-sūtra 74, 252, 430, 480, 491, 828, 919n, 999n, 1001, 1003 &c. Āśvalāyana-smṛti, in verse 370, 769. Aśvamedha, dialogues and abuse in 1234-35; fees in1236-37; historic instances of performance of 1238-39; mentioned even in the Ṛgveda 1228-1229; performed by ancient kings 978, 1229; performer of, got rid of all sins, even of brahmahatyā 147, 1236n; procedure of 1229-1236; sin removed by persons bathing in the water in which the king bathed at the end of Aśvamedha 1236; yūpas were 21 in, 1233. Āśvamedhikaparva 72, 77, 88, 361, 439, 562, 643, 645, 710, 847n, 923 &c.; describes Aśvamedha at great length 1237-38. Aśvapati Kekaya, declared that in his kingdom there were no thieves, no drinkers of intoxicants &c. 794; taught vaiśvanaravidyā to five brāhmaṇas 106, 273. Aśvasūkta 1006. Aśvattha, marriage with, for averting ill-luck for a girl 546; Vṛddha-Gautama identifies with Kṛṣṇa 895 Aśvatthāman, a brāhmaṇa warrior 123; a cirañjīvin 648. Aśvayuji, one of the seven pākaya-jñas 826-827. Āśvika, a caste 73. Aśvināśastra in Atirātra 1203. Aśvins 439; bestowed husband on Ghoṣā who was growing old 439. Āthanguḷem, a modern rite in the Deccan resembling Simantonnayana 226. Atharvaveda 37, 41, 43, 201, 202n, 203n, 218, 221n, 247n, 263n, 270, 386, 419, 435 &c.; Śaunakiya recession of Atharvaveda has a different beginning 902ṇ Atharvāṅgirasah, as subject of study in Śatapatha Br. 353. Atheists, touch of, required bath for purification 169, 664. Atirātra, a form of soma sacrifice 1203; Samdhishoṭṛa in, 1203. Ātreya, quoted by Bharadvājajagṛhya 203. Atri, smṛti of 6n, 69, 85, 89, 105, 113, 119, 126n, 130, 157n, 173, 174n, 189, 312 &c.; gotra, subdivisions of 490. Ātura-samnyāsa, procedure of, for those who are very ill 963. Atyagniṣṭoma 1203. Aufrecht 461n; edition of Ṛgveda by 461ṇ Aupajaghani 602, recognised among sons only the aurasa son 602. Aupaniṣada vrata for brahmaoṁkārin 371. Aurabbra, a caste 102. Auśanasa-smṛti 114, 174n, 290n, 310, 332, 348n, 357n, 402n, 734, 763n &c. Auspicious, all saṁskāras to be per- formed on a. times 213; eight a. objects 876n; objects that one should see or touch before going out of his house 688; objects, eight 511, 688; sights, what are 648, 687; times 213 and ṇ Avabhṛtha, final purificatory bath in Agniṣṭoma 1198; handful of kuśas thrown in water becomes the kha- vanīya for all offerings in 1199- 1200; Mahīya ṛk muttered in, by yajamāna, priests and wife 1200; only a cake to Varuga is offered in 1198; procedure of, is like an iṣṭi but many items are dropped 1198-1200; Sāman chanted in, is called avabhṛtha-sāmaṇ of which the nīdhana is repeated thrice by all priests, sacrificer and his wife 1199; unnetṛ priest leads out sacrificer and all others 1200; utensils are thrown into water at a. 1199. Avadhūta, a class of saṁnyāsin 942. Avakirṇin, had to offer an ass to Nirṛti 374; prāyaścitta for 374. Avantisundarī, of the Cāhuāna family, married poet Rājaśekhara 450. Avantya, a caste 73; same as bhur- ja-kaṇṭha 73. Avarita, a sub-caste 72. Avartaka, a caste 102. Avasathya (fire) 989; some held that it need not be established at all 989ṇ Avatāras: faint traces of several out of ten a. in Vedic Literaturo 717- 718; names of 720-721; theory of 717; three lists of Viṣṇu's a. in Bhāgavata-purāṇa 721. Avettṛ, an iṣṭi, performed in Rāja- sūya and also independently 1223. Avid, formulae in Rājasūya 1217ṇ Avīra, a caste 72. Avivākya, the tenth day of the Dvādaśāha sacrifice, 1213-14. Avocations: brāhmaṇa should not perform the work of a śūdra even in distress 119n; followed by brā- hmaṇas were numberless even in ancient days 130-131; one should not take to tho work of a higher varṇa 119; peculiar to brāhmaṇas, three 105; persons following cer- tain condemned a. became un- touchable 169; śūdra, to be puni- shed by king if he takes up the duties of brāhmaṇas such as japa 119. Ayaskāra, a caste 72; regarded as a śūdra by Patañjali 72. Ayogava, 73; a pratiloma caste 57, 73; avocation of, 73; one of tho antyāvasāyins, 70. Ayurveda (medicine), to be learnt under the apprentice system, 365ṇ Āyuṣya, one of the rites in jāta- karma, 233. Babhruvāhana, son of Arjuna, 1238. Badarāyaṇa, held view that all āśramas are enjoined, 425; quoted by Bhāradvājagṛhya, 203. Badari, propounded that a śūdra would perform vedic sacrifices, 36, 156. Baden-Powell, 868. Bahika, countries called, were im- pure, 16. Bahiṣpavamāna, first stotra in morn- ing pressing of soma, 1169; has nine verses, 1169; method of dividing into five parts and chant- ing, 1168-1169. Bahya, same as antya, 70, 89. Baidyas of Bengal, 72. Baijakapa-gṛhya, 198n, 219, 220, 244. Balaki-Gargya, 328; learnt from king Ajātaśatru, 105-106. Balambhāṭṭi, 473n, 484,489n,590,592. Balarāma, 797. Balbūtha, a friendly dāsa in Ṛgveda, 33. Bali, island of, priests in, repeat the yajñopavīta mantra, 284ṇ Bali, a cirajīvin, 648. Baliharaṇa or bhutayajña, 745–748; deities of, 745; food to be dis- tributed even to crows, dogs and caṇḍālas, 746; offerings in, are to be on the ground and not in fire, 745; offered at night by wife without mantras, 747; remnants of bali food are offered to pitṛs, 748; sentiment underlying, 746– 747. Balutedars, hereditary village ser- vants in the Deccan, 173. Bāṇa, 81, 83, 91, 174, 215, 217, 239, 266, 349, 510, 579, 598, 628. Bāṇa, an asura devotee of Śiva, 737. Banaji, D. B. 187. Bāṇa-lingas, from Narmadā river worshipped as symbols of Śiva, 716, 737. Bandhula, a caste, 102. Bandin, see under 'vandin', 89. Banerjee, Sir Gooroodas, 520, 614. Barbara, 89. Barter, almost same principles apply to h. as to sale, 126–129; of some articles allowed, though no sale of them allowed, 129; of sesame allowed, though not sale, to brāhmaṇas, 127. Barth, M., 107n, 724. Baskerville, Geoffrey, 951. Bath (see ‘Snāna’), for coming in contact with caṇḍāla, patita, a woman in her monthly course, 172; mid-day, 689; principal matters in mid-day bath are tarpaṇa, devapūjā and mahā- yajñas, 689. Bauddhas, touch of, entailed hath as expiation, 169, 665. Baudhāyana, dharmasūtra of, 1, 2n, 14, 15, 34n, 45n, 53, 56, 59, 65, 78, 213, 272 &c. Baudhāyana-gṛhya, 94, 148n, 194n, 197, 233, 245, 255, 258, 275, 278 &c. Baudhāyana-gṛhyasūtra, 176, 214, 215, 217, 251n, 254, 297, 299, 480, 537, 727n, 728 &c.
Baudhāyanagṛhya-paribhāṣā, 108n, 288, 393, 411. Baudhāyana-gṛhya-samgraha-pari- śiṣṭa, 210. Baudhāyana-pitṛ-medhasūtra, 588, 618ṇ Baudhāyana-śrauta-sūtra, 995, 997, 999, 1001, 1003, 1005, 1010n, 1013n, 1020n, 1061n, &c. Beal, 723. Beasts, unclean, 166. Begging (see under bhikṣā) 133– 134; allowed to the diseased and such like persons, 134; allowed to one oppressed by hunger, 134; allowed to one who has been with- out food for three days, 134; a characteristic of saṃnyāsa in the sūtras, 421; Kekaya king boasts that no one except a brahmacārin begged in his kingdom, 133; of whom one should not beg, 134; smṛtis hold b. appropriate to veda students and ascetics, 133; smṛtis do not allow it to others except under great restrictions, 133–134; when allowed according to Āp., 133–134. Benefit of clergy, doctrine of, 142– 143. Bengal, widows in, entitled to rights of property even in joint Hindu family under Dāyabhāga, 635; worship of Durgā in, 739. Bhagavat, M. G., 179ṇ Bhagavad-gītā, 9, 60, 97, 423, 746n, 946. Bhāgavata-purāṇa, 9, 87, 155n, 176, 319, 380, 565, 628, 715n, 720, 721, 726 &c. Bhagavatas, to be worshippers in temples of Viṣṇu, 722; worshippers of Viṣṇu or Śiva posing as holy (bhuvās in Marathi), 131. Bhairava, temple of, could be erected by untouchables, 176. Bhallavins, 14, 436ṇ Bhāmaha, author of Kāvyālaṃkāra 252ṇ Bhandarkar, Prof. D. R., 384. Bhandarkar, Sir R. G., 215, 438n, 440n, 710n, 719n, 721n 736, 737n; holds kṣatriyas original possessors of knowledge of brahman, 107ṇ Bharadvāja, story of, in Tai. Br. about veda study, 271, 350. Bharadvāja-gṛhyasūtra, 45n, 94, 196, 203, 205, 208n, 219, 224n, 233, 234, 235, 246, 253, 257, 261, 263, 276, 279n, &c. Bharadvāja-śrauta-sūtra, 71, 157. Bharatavarṣa, extent of, 17–18; name of, why given, 17; is called karma-bhūmī 17; only land where karma is prescribed for mortals, 17; so called after Bharata, 17. Bhaṣmākura, a caste called gurava, 102. Bhata, an antyaja, 89. Bhau Daji, Dr., 509ṇ Bhauma-snāna, 668. Bhavabhūti, 367, 403, 446, 579; mother of, was Jatūkarṇī, 252. Bhavins (girls dedicated to a tem-ple), 904. Bhaviṣya-purāṇa, 122n, 215, 217, 310, 445n, 675, 723n, 883. Bhaviṣyottara-purāṇa, 349, 374, 882, 883. Bhikṣā (alms obtained by begging); all to be placed before teacher, 311–312; duty of householders to give to brahmacārins and yatis, 311; brahmacārins to take to, 308–312; food obtained by, sup-posed to be pure for brahmacārins, 310; from śūdras allowed to brahmaṇārins only in distress, 310; growing strictness as to caste of persons of whom to beg for food in case of brahmacārins, 309–310; mother the first person of whom to beg, 309; quantity of food to be given as, 311; refusal to give food to a brahmacārin results in loss of merit (puṇya), 309; rules about, 309–312. Bhīkṣukopaniṣad, 939. H. D. 162. Bhīkṣu-sūtra, known to Pāṇini, 422. Bhīlla, an antyaja, 70, 89. Bhīṣak, a caste, 89–90. Bhīṣma, his gotra was Vaiyaghra-padya, 494; forcibly carried off three daughters of king of Kāśī, 501n, 523; refused to raise issue from widows of Vicitravīrya 603. Bhīṣmaparva, 138n, 139, 710. Bhīṣmatarpaṇa, 494, 695. Bhoja, a caste, 90. Bhojana (see under ‘food,’ ‘pāṅkti’) 757–799; about removing plates after, 769; ācamana before and after, 762; cleansing the mouth after b. with sixteen mouthfuls of water, 769; discontinued on hearing the voices of certain persons, 785; east to be faced at time of, 758; etiquette at time of, 762–763, 766–767; expiation, if one touches another at, 765; exudation of trees cut forbidden, 758; five limbs should be wet at time of, 760; five morsels as prāṇāhutis at beginning of, 763–764; house-holder to take his meals in 5th part of the day, 757; importance of purity of food, 757; in same dish with wife forbidden, 765; leaves of the trees that may be used as plates, 762; maṇḍala to be drawn at, 760; milk of cow for ten days after delivery forbidden even in vedic times, 758; most important subject in dharma-śāstra next to marriage, 757; ob-serving silence at, 760; one may eat anything in a dire calamity, 758; one should not eat in company of even other brāhmaṇas for fear of sharing in their sins, 759; order in which items of food are to be eaten, 765; places where food should not be taken, 759–760; rules about the seat for taking, 761; rules for the plate, 761; to be begun while feet are wet, 760; silence at, 764; talking how far allowed, 764; to be taken in pri- vate or screened from public view, 759; to be taken twice a day, 758; to be taken while sitting, 758; uttering 'Govinda' while taking food in, 765; yajñopavīta to be worn in upavīta form at, 762. Bhṛgugana, divisions and sub-divi- sions of, 490. Bhṛjjakantha, a caste, 90; same as ambastha, 90. Bhṛuṇa, meanings of, 148ṇ Bhūjalābhalabha, 513. Bhūpa, a caste, 90. Bhūṛjakantha, a caste, 90. Bhūtāyajña (see under baliharana). Bihla, 849. Bilhana, 524. Blackstone, 570. Boar, flesh of, recommended in śrāddha, 166; incarnation of Viṣṇu as, 718. Bodas, Mr. M. R., 949ṇ Bombay Land Revenue Code, 866. Books: gifts of epics and purāṇas to brāhmaṇas, 349, 883; prejudice against using, for learning, 349; read by ascetic women for a queen, 349; reliance on, reckoned as an obstacle in the path of acquiring knowledge, 349; to be placed in maṭhas for all people and provision for reading them in temples, 883. Boundary disputes settled by old men and guilds, 67. Boys, were to be taught certain man- tras even before Upanayana, 300. Brāhma, form of marriage, the best, 517. Brahmā, God creates the world, 724; temples of, 724. Brāhma, priest, duties and privileges of, in darśapūrṇamāsa, 1021; priest may be optionally employed in all pākayajñas, 208; receives as his special portion the prāśitra, 1039n; represented by a bundle of kuśas in gṛhya rites, 208n; required to be most learned of all priests, 1021. Brahmabala or Brāhmaṇabala, coṃ of Kāṭhakagṛhya, 220, 255ṇ Brahmacārin, garments of, 278-279; in Ṛg. and Tai. Ar. 268,270; girdle (mekhalā) for, according to varṇa, 280-281; highly eulogised in Atharvaveda, 270; how to deal with hair on the head, 333; life of, depicted in Sat. Br., 271; most reprehensible act of, was sexual intercourse, 374; naiṣṭhika (per- petual), 375; prāyaścitta for fail- ing in his duties, 373-374; prāyaś- citta for sexual intercourse by, 374, 967; principal observances of, are offering samidh into fire every day, begging for food, working for teacher, study of veda, 305; stayed with a teacher away from home even in Brāhmaṇa period, 271; supposed to have violated his vow if he failed to beg or offer samidh, 311; rules of conduct for, 283, 304ff; to abstain from into- xicant of any kind, though he may be a kṣatriya or vaiśya, 796; to carry a staff of certain trees accord- ing to varṇa, 279-80; to wear two garments, 278; veda-vratas of, 370-374. Brahmacarya, duration of, usually twelve years, 349-352; informa- tion about, in the Upaniṣads, 273; long periods of, such as 48 years, 350; long periods of, opposed to vedic injunctions according to Śabara, 350; perpetual, was allow- ed for the blind, impotent and others, 351n, 376; prāyaścitta for giving up vow of perpetual, 376. Brahmagarbha, a smṛti, 926. Brahmahatyā (killing a brāhmaṇa), the greatest sin from very ancient times, 147. Brāhman, world of, only chaste per- sons can enter, 5. Brahmānandi, on saṁnyāsa, 958. Brāhmaṇa : assault on a b. severely condemned, 151; not liable to pay fare at a ferry or to pay toll, 153; not to perform abhi- vādana to a kṣatriya, 338; of ten years must be saluted by a kṣatriya though a hundred years old, 338; received lesser punish- ment for certain offences, 152; sacredness of person of, went on increasing in successive ages, 151; way to be made for, by all inclu- ding the king, 153, 146; whether could be killed in self-defence without incurring sin, 148–150; who is paṅktipāvana, 767–768.
Brāhmaṇas (see ‘agriculture’, ‘money- lending’, ‘gifts’, ‘veda’) : b. accumulating wealth lose high status of brāhmaṇya, 111; all b. were not and are not priests, 109; Āpastamba was against b. be- coming soldiers, 122; b. as soldiers even in very ancient times, 122; become degraded by giving up veda study, 108; become like śūdras by selling milk for three days, 127; classes of b., according to the wealth they possess, 111; corporal punishment for, 140–141; corporal punishment for b. takes form of shaving the head, 141; could maintain themselves by following avocations of kṣatriyas or vaiśyas, 118–119; could in ancient times take food from any dvijāti or from some śūdras even, 788–789; could take food from śūdras, if in difficulties, except for agnihotra or sacrifice, 112; des- cribed as daiva varṇa, 25; des- cribed as gods that are visible, 37; divided in modern times into ten classes, each of which is further subdivided, 103; doing certain acts to be treated as śūdras, 132; duty of, to study veda and its aṅgas, 107; eight kinds of, des- cribed by Devala, 131; formed a group even in Ṛgvedic times, 29; founders of royal dynasties, 123; four peculiar attributes of, accord- ing to Śat. Br., 37; gurus of all by the fact of birth alone, 138; have all gods in them, 135; highly honoured even in early vedic times, 28, 135; hyperbolical eulogies of, 135–136; ideal set before b. as to gifts, 113; ideal set before b. was often realized, 115; identified with Agni, 135; immunity of b. from taxation, whipping &c., 140, 143; invited for śrāddba must possess learning and character, 117; may accept for supporting parents, depen- dants &c. gifts from any body, but not for themselves, 112; may learn from a kṣatriya teacher in time of distress, 108; may take arms at command of king, 123; may wield arms in self-defence or for protecting women and cows, 123; not reciting Gāyatrī mantra are more impure than śūdras, 133; nine kinds of snātaka b. are primary recipients of gifts inside the vedi, 114; not eligible for invitation at śrāddbas, 130–131; not studying veda are like śūdras, 133; not to be cited as witnesses by non-brāhmaṇas unless as attest- ing witnesses, 152; not to receive gifts from irreligious kings or other irreligious persons, 112; only b. entitled to officiate as priests, 109; persons from whom b. may not take gifts, 112–113; person of b. held to be very sacred, 147; power of b. to deprive deities of their status 135; privileges claimed by 138–153; punished with far higher fine than śūdras for theft, 35n, 152; punished with branding and banishment for some offences, 140–141; purposes for which b. were created 107–108; reasons why b. are seized by Death, 133; receiving gifts, special privilege of, 110; receiving gifts from worthy persons preferable to officiating as priests, 110; recei- ving gifts from śūdra worse for b. than teaching him or being his priest, 110; residents of certain countries not to be invited at śrāddha, 103; restrictions on, when following occupations of vaiśyas, 124 ff; results of ill-trea- ting or disrespecting b. 41; six kinds of, cease to be b. by their actions, 132; some b. fulfilled ideal set up 137; some sub-castes of b. due to the Veda-śākhā studied, 876; superior by fact of birth 37; teaching done solely by 38, 108; ten kinds of, based on avocations and conduct 130-131; though bad or wicked must be honoured according to some, 132; to approach king or rich persons for maintenance when hungry or without means 112; to cultivate supreme contentment, 111; to expound dharma to all classes, to give advice about conduct, 139; uphold ordinances 39n; wealth does not find delight in, 37; were compelled by circumstances to pursue avocations other than the three specially prescribed for them 118-119; when to be sentenc- ed to death 141; whether a separate caste in the Ṛgveda 28; whether b. were by birth in Ṛgveda 27; whether learned or not are great deities, 135; wives of, were sometimes ill-treated by kings 41; which b. should be afraid of receiving gifts 113-114; who are pūtra 115; word b. occurs several times in Ṛgveda, 28. Brāhmaṇas in Gujerat, have 84 sub- divisions, 103. Brahmāṇḍa, a mahādāna, 873. Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa, 169, 665n, 672n, 673, 754.
Brahmānvādhāna, a rite in the procedure of taking samnyāsa 954. Brahmapurāṇa, 11n, 80, 83, 84, 94, 97, 98, 189n, 198, 308n, 346n, 395, 447, 451, 606 &c. Brahmarṣideśa, 15. Brahmasūtra (same as Vedāntasūtra, which see ), 425. Brahmavaivarta-purāṇa, 646. Brahmānvarta, defined by Manu, 15. Brahmayajña, 700-704; compared with elements of śrauta sacrifices, 700-701; formula of, in modern times for Ṛgvedins once a year, 704; is daily study of a portion of Veda (svādhyāya) acc. to Śat. Br., 700; japa in sandhyā held by some to be, 700; may be performed before tarpana and after morning homa acc. to some 700; may be performed before or after Vaiśva- deva, 700; now rarely performed every day, 703; proper place for performance, 701; rewards of per- formance of, 701; tarpana as part of, acc. to some, 700, 704; time for performing, 700; works or parts of works recited in, 701, 703. Brāhmi alphabet, derived from a Semitic alphabet about 800 B. C., acc. to Bühler 348. Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, 5, 13, 38n, 45, 52, 88, 106, 108, 110, 167, 201, 227, 273; contains one of the noblest prayers, 5; holds truth and dharma are identical, 5; inculcates three cardinal virtues, 5. Bṛhad-devatā, 447, 535, 618, 619, 833ṇ Bṛhad-Yama, smṛti of, 70, 390n, 445, 804, 846. Bṛhan-manu, 476ṇ Bṛhan-Nāradīya-purāṇa (same as Nāradīya purāṇa), 505, 633. Bṛhaspati, 59, 76, 83n, 85, 115, 124n, 149, 175, 219, 254, 365n, &c.; eight verses from, on eight qualities of the soul, 6n; founder of materia- list, 359n; held wife half of a man and sharer in his sins and merits, 428n; on duties of brāhm anas settled by a king with grants of lands, 858; on grants of land, 861; on the rights of daugh ters,510; usages of countries should be respected by the conquering king, 462. Bṛhaspati-sava, a kind of one day soma sacrifice performed by a brāhmaṇa who has performed the Vājapeya, 1211. Bṛhati, a work of Prabhākara, 359n; Bṛhat-Parāśara, 15, 121, 145, 304, 310, 314n, 315, 430, 578, 643, 667n, 687n, &c. Bṛhat-sāman, 996ṇ Bṛhat-saṃhitā, 217, 249, 398, 551n, 579, 655, 712, 722, 734, 826. Browne, J. C., 509ṇ Buddha, grant made to a brāhmaṇa in honour of, 854; images of, wor shipped in certain vratas stated in the purāṇas, 721; Kumārila did not regard him as an avatāra, 721-22; reviled as an atheist in the Rāmāyaṇa, 721; some tenets of, 723; when came to be looked upon as avatāra of Viṣṇu, 720-722. Buddhism, causes of disappearance of, from India 723; total dis appearance of, from India, cannot be satisfactorily explained, 723. Buddhist nuns, tonsured their heads, 592-93. Buddhists; and four varṇas, 48n; nakṣatra names of, 248; took the idea of pabbajjā from brāhmaṇi cal system, 422; works, 85. Budhasmṛti, 196. Bühler, 63n, 348, 956ṇ Bukka, king of Vijayanagar, daugh ter of, married a brāhmaṇa, 450. Bull, sacred, at Mohenjo-daro. 725. Burnell, 1170n, 1171. Buruda (worker in bamboo), an antyaja, 70, 89; written as varuḍa also, 89. Caidya Kāśī, donated noblemen as slaves, 181. Caila-nirṇejaka, 82; distinguished from rājaka by some, 82. Caitrī, 820; a rite performed on full moon day of Caitra, 820. Cakravāka, birds, love of, mentioned in a mantra quoted in Hiraṇya keśigṛhya, 203. Cakrī, a caste, 80. Cākrika, 80. Caland, Dr. 1171. Caland and Henry, 978 ṇ Calls of nature, answering, rules about, 649-651; answering, in front of images of gods forbidden, 709. Cālukyas, described as oberished by seven Mātrs, 217; described as of the Mānavya gotra, 494. Camels, gifts of, in Ṛgveda, 838. Camphor, to be burnt before the images of gods, 733. Cāṇakya, angered by the Nandas, kept his śikha untied 265. Cāṇḍāla : 44-45, 81-82; alone among pratilomas was untouchable, 172; a pratiloma caste, 57, 171; called antyāvasāyin, 70; description of a hamlet of, 81; included among śūdras by Patañjali, 168; occurs in Vāj. S. and Tai. Br., 44; ranked with the dog in Chāṇ Up. 44, 166; restrictions on, 81; shadow of, not polluting in ancient times, 174; three kinds of, according to Veda-Vyāsa, 81, 171; touch of, who comes for worship of Viṣṇu, did not entail bath, 172. Cāṇḍeśvara, minister of Mithilā kings, weighed himself against gold, 872. Candragupta, Maurya king, 248. Cāndrāyaṇa, method of, may be followed by vānaprastha, 921; prāyaścitta for eating forbidden vegetables, 783; prāyaścitta for intercourse with sagotra woman, 497; prāyaścitta for marrying one's maternal uncle's or paternal aunt's daughter, 459; prāyaścitta for marrying a girl whose gotra is the same as that of one's maternal grand-father, 471. Capitalist society, some defects of, 137-138. Caraka-śākha, 796. Caraka-saṃhitā, on medicine, 799. Caraka-sūtrāmāṇi, 1224. Carmamna, probably means 'tanner' in the Ṛgveda, 165. Carmakāra (worker in hides), 70, 80. Carmaśiras, a teacher mentioned in the Nirukta, 587. Carpenter caste, perform upanayana in modern times, 46. Cārvāka system, 359ṇ Caste (see under 'anuloma', 'jāti', 'pratiloma' and varṇa): anuloma only, recognised by some sages if there be marriage, 53; achieve- ments under, 21n; avocations of a few castes only mentioned in smṛtis, 57; caste is now a matter of marriage and food only, 24; council, not a common feature in all castes, 24; differed if spouses of different varṇas united by wed- lock or otherwise, 54; features common to all castes, 23; features of the system have not been the same throughout the ages, 24; great speculation about origin of. 19; greater emphasis on birth in higher castes than on virtue, 101n; how far an invention of brāh- maṇas, 21n; in medieval works, 102-103; is a matter of the body and not of the soul, 52; list of castes mentioned in smṛtis, 69ff; Megasthenes on, 50; mixed, only a few mentioned in dharmasūtras, 57; most professions may now be followed by any one, 24; names of castes arise principally from occupations, 100; no unanimity possible on the causes that led to modern caste system, 23; number of, in the vedic period, 49; numerous sub-castes arise in several ways, 57-58; preserved Indian society from social anarchy, 21n; professional c. were wealthy and had organized guilds, 66-68; professions and crafts, whether castes in vedic works, 43-45; proposi- tions about, before the close of vedic period, 42; ramifioations of, explained by ancient dharma- śāstra works as due to saṁkara, 50-51; revolt against system of, in Mahābhārata, 101; system eulogised and condemned, 20-21; tests for determining the varṇa of, in modern times, 382; theory of anuloma and pratiloma marriages to explain system of, 52-53; those outside the system of four varṇas are dasyus, 47; works on, 19ṇ Caturhoṭṛ, mantras in Tai. Ār., 372n, 993ṇ Cāturmāsyas (seasonal sacrifices), 1091-1106; and a few other iṣṭis are called Iṣṭyayana, 1091; five offerings common to all, 1092; indicate advent of spring, rains and autumn, 1091; may be performed throughout life or for one year, 1092; observances on all caturmas for sacrificer, 1092; three or four called parvanṣ, 1091. Caturthi-karma, 195, 202-204; des- cribed in gṛhyasūtras as a rite, 202 ff; treated by the gṛhyasūtras as part of marriage rites, 204. Caturvarga-cintāmaṇi of Hemādri, 381, 451n, 713, 734. Caturvimśatimata, 349, 462, 464. Cātvala, pit in Paśubandha, 1112. Caula, same as oūḍākaraṇa, 197, 260-267. Census of India, 179ṇ Chāgaleya, on livelihood in āpad, 189. Chāndogapariśiṣṭa-same as Gobhi- lasmṛti, 654, 874ṇ Chāndogya Upaniṣad, 5, 13, 44n, 79, 106, 108, 147, 155, 166, 202n, 241, 247, 273 &c.; oondemns severely five grave sins: 5; mentions cāṇḍāla along with dogs and boars, 186; mentions five mahāpātakas, 147-148. Chandōmas: parts of Dvādaśāha sacrifice, 1213, 1240. Charitable works: founder could keep control over, 915; referred to even in Ṛgveda, 889; regarded as more meritorious than sacrifices, 890. Charity, universal, in Hindu śāstras: 4n; to poor and cripple is due to compassion and does not amount to pratigraha, 116ṇ Charpentier, Dr., 711. Child: allowed to crawl among instruments and utensils and to seize one as a prognostication of future occupation, 258; does not become impure by acting or eating as it likes before upanayana, 188; education of, before upanayana, no rules in sūtras about, 265-266; of marriage that is void for sāgotra, sapravara or sapinda relationship, becomes a cāṇḍāla, 497; sale of, forbidden and condemned by Āpastamba and other sages, 504-505; sale of, an upapātaka, 506; views as to whom the child of niyoga belonged, 605. Child Marriage Restraint Act ( of 1927 ): 445, 616. Cīnas: 82; Manu on 47; regarded as degraded kṣatriyas, 82. Cirajīvins: names of, 648. Circumambulating: rules about, in case of images of gods, cows, trees, 346. Clothes: rules about tucking up the lower garment, 672; tarpya garment worn by sacrificer in Mahāvrata, 670-671; to be worn in Devapūjā must be different from those to be worn on the road, 672; to be worn by brahmacārin, 278-279; to be worn by householder, 669-672; two garments to be worn by snātakas, 670; upper garment necessary in five religious rites, 671; whether cotton clothes known in earliest vedic period is doubtful 670; white, to be worn by snātakas, 671. Codrington: 215, 725. Cole, Mrṣ M., 428. Colebrooke: 195n, 583n, 624n, 636. Concubine: entitled to maintenance after paramour's death if she is a continuously kept one and remains chaste afterwards, 639. Conjugal rites: suit for restitution of, defences to, 570. Conversion: taking back into Hindu fold the victims of forcible, 973-974. Countries: stay in which required expiation or punarupanayana if not visited on pilgrimage, 16, 393. Courtesy: shown by asking kuśala, anāmaya &c. according to the varṇa of person asked, 344; to women not relatives, how shown, 344. Cow (see under 'flesh-eating', 'pañcagavya', 'Yājñavalkya') : called aghnyā, 772; divine honour paid to, even in Ṛgveda, 772-73; donors made gifts of old and weak cows, 881; gift of, highly praised, 878; gift of cow on the point of delivery highly extolled, 879; holy in all limbs except her mouth, 775; house without a cow is devoid of maṅgala, 774; kapilā (tawny) cow most auspicious, 775,878; kapila cow should be donated by him who is at door of death, 879; killed or let loose in Madhuparka in ancient times, 545, 773; milk of agnihotra cow belongs to various deities at various stages, 1001n; occasions on which cow was killed according to gṛhya and dharma sūtras, 776-777; one sacrificing his life in defence of cow or brāhmaṇa became free from gravest sins, 775; procedure of gift of, 878–879 ; rewards of gift of, 878 ; venera- tion for, led to her urine and dung being regarded as purifying, 773 ; what cows were not to be donated, 881–882. Crafts, ( see under professions ), 43–45. Cross-cousin marriages ( see under ‘maternal uncle's daughter,' ‘mater- nal aunt's daughter' and ‘paternal aunt's daughter' ), 463 ; smṛti pa- usages condemning them how ex- plained away, 463. Cucuka, 82. Cuḍakarma or-karaṇa, 197, 260–267 ; for girls also in sūtra times, 265 ; locks kept according to family usage or pravara, 264 ; materials required in, 261 ; number of locks of hair kept in, 263 ; principal acts in, 261 ; procedure of, 261–263 ; times for performance of, 261. Cullavagga, 592. Cuṇou, 82. Customs (‘see maternal uncle's dau- ghter’) : Bṛhaspati declares that king should respect o. though at variance with śāstras, 462, 555 ; five c. peculiar to south and five others to north according to Bauḍ, 458 ; Medhātithi's explanation of the custom of marrying mātula- kanyā, 460 ; of marrying maternal uncle's daughter, 459–461 ; in southern countries, 582 ; of coun- tries and families allowed to be observed in marriage, 527 ; various customs in marriage recognised by Āśv. gr. and others, 527. Cutchi memons, governed by Hindu Law in matters of inheritance up to recent times, 389. Cyavana, author of a smṛti, 169n, 879. Cyavana, of the Bhṛgugotra, married princess Sukanyā, 447, 562 ; marri- ed several maidens, 550n.
Daiva, form of marriage, 517, 525, 1188. Dakṣa, smṛti of, 7n, 114, 115, 186, 188, 327n, 357, 375, 415n, 424, 569 &c. Dakṣāyaṇa, modification of darśa- pūrṇamāsa sacrifice, 919n, 1108n. Dakṣiṇā, distribution of cows in Agniṣṭoma as, 1188–1189 ; gold is the foremost, 855 ; in Agniṣṭoma, 1188–1189 ; none to be given in Agniṣṭoma to a brāhmaṇa who is not learned, 1189 ; separate ḍ to accompany all kinds of gifts, 855. Dakṣiṇagni, 989, 992 ; is also called anvāhāryapacana, 989n ; mound of, is semi-circular, 994n ; whence to be brought, 995, 999. Damayantī, 613 ; chose Nala in svayaṁvara, 523 ; name of, to be recited in the morning, 648 ; power of as pativratā, 567. Dāna (see under ‘books’, ‘gifts’, ‘iṣṭā-pūrta’, ‘grants’), 837 ; brāhmaṇa who is not learned should not accept dāna of gold, land, cow, horses, sesame, 851 ; certain things when offered must be accepted by everyone, 849 ; cows the most frequent subject of gift in Ṛgveda, 837–838 ; dānas called dhenus, 880–881 ; dānas called mere or parvata, 882 ; definition of, 842 ; distinguished from homa and yāga and utsarga, 714n, 841, 893 ; division of into nitya, naimit- tika and kāmya, 848 ; division of, into sāttvika, rājasa, tāmasa, 849 ; donor is a rare sight, 845 ; duty to make dāna emphasized by say- ing a rich man making no gifts should be drowned, 845 ; eulogized even in Ṛgveda, 837 ; eight kinds of, forbidden by Nārada, 850 ; is either of iṣṭa or pūrta, 844–845 ; mahādānas, 869–877 ; merit (puṇya) of gift depends on mental atti- tude, capacity of donor and manner of gift and not on extent, 847; naiveśika dāna, 857; nine kinds of, forbidden by Dakṣa, 850; not to be made at night as a general rule, 853; of food and clothing may be made to any one, 838, 846; of land condemned in the Brāhmaṇas, 840; of villages men- tioned in Chāṇ Up. 840; of vidyā, land and cows the best, 848; of land surpasses dāna of all other things, 848; of young damsels in Ṛgveda, 838; persons to whom gifts should not be made, 846; presiding deities of certain objects that are donated, 839, 855; proce- dure of, 855–856; prohibition of acceptance of dāna of certain things, 851; proper times for, 851–853, proper places for, 854; requires acceptance by the donee, 841; rewards expected from mak- ing, 855n; secret, 849; separate dakṣiṇās to accompany various gifts, 854–855; six angas of, 843; sixteen futile dānas, 846; subjects of, 847–848; śūdra can make pūrta-dāna, though not iṣṭa, 845; three kinds of subjects of, 847–848; to be made with śrāddha, 846; various rewards promised to makers of gifts of dakṣiṇā, horses, gold and clothes, 838–839; water poured on hand of donee in, 854; ways of accepting a gift, 841–842; what constitutes dāna, 841; what dāna gives best rewards, 845; what cannot be donated, 849–850; who could make, 845.
Dānacandrikā, 886, 909.
Dānakriyā-kaumudī, 212n, 842, 855, 885, 891n, 892n, 893ṇ
Dānamayūkha, 842, 854n, 855, 874n, 878, 881.
Dānaratnākara, 131ṇ
Dānastutis in Ṛgveda, 837.
Dānavakyāvalī, 842n, 845ṇ
Dānaviveka, 881.
H. D. 163
Dandin, 72,726. Danta-dhāvana (brūshing the teeth), 653–656; in the morning as well as after meals, 656; length and breadth of twig, 655–656; mantra to be repeated when using a twig as a brush, 654–655; trees the twigs of which are to be used in, 655; trees the twigs of which are not to be used in, 655; when not allowed, 656.
Daradas, 83; view of Manu about, 47. Darbha, colour of, 657; difference between kuśa and, 657; pavitra of, 657.
Darśapūrṇamāsa, 1009–1085; āghāras in, 1051–1053; āhitāgni had to per- form darśapūrṇamāsa throughout life, or for thirty years or till he became very old 1009; ājyabhāga offerings, 1059–1060; anvāram- bhaṇīyā iṣṭi on the first darśa- pūrṇamāsa after agnyādhāna, 1010; archetype or pattern of all iṣṭis, 1009; barhirāharaṇa (bring- ing bundles of kuśas ), 1013–1014; barhirāstaraṇa (strewing kuśas on vedi ), 1043–1044; begun on first full moon day after agnyādheya, 1010; brahma priest eats praśitra without masticating it, 1067; brah- māvaraṇa (choosing of brahmā priest ), 1020–1021; choosing of four priests, 1091; cutting off, of iḍā, 1065–1066; deities of darśeṣṭi and paurṇamāseṣṭi, 1012; drawing lines with the sphya to indicate extent of vedi, 1036n; hotṛvaraṇa, 1054–1055; idhmāharaṇa (bringing fuel sticks ), 1014–1015; invoca- tion of iḍā, 1066–1067; invoking, cleaning and taking up sruva and sruc ladles, 1038–1039; iṣṭi on pūrṇamāsa may occupy two days, but can be finished in one, 1010; kapālas on which cake is baked are arranged on the gārhapatya mound, 1030–31; japa by hotṛ, 1048; madanti water poured over pounded grains to make a cake, 1030; Nariştha homas, 1081-1082; nigada after Samidheni verses ro- peated by hotṛ, 1049-1050; nirvāpa (taking out four handfuls of grains ), 1023 ; one who has not three pravara sages is not eligible for darśapūrṇamāsa according to Jaimini, 1055n; offering of water used for scouring vessels to Ekata, Dvīta and Trīta, 1034; offering to Agni Sviṣṭakṛt after puroḍāśas, 1063-1064; patnīsaṃyājas, 1076– 1077; patnīsaṃnahana, 1010-1011; pātras (utensils) required in, 1015n, 1020; pātrasādana, 1020; Piṇḍapitṛyajña performed only in darśeṣṭi, 1015, 1085-1090; plenty of rice cooked is dakṣiṇā for priests, 1069; portion cut off for offering (from cake &c) is as much as front joint of thumb, 1061; prayita waters, carrying forward of, in, 1021-1022; prastara (first handful of kuśa grass that is cut), 1013; prastara is thrown into fire, 1072-1074; pravara-mantra repeat- ed by hotṛ, 1050; prayāja offer- ings in, are five, 1056-1057; puro- ḍāśa, preparation of and giving it shape of tortoise, 1032; puroḍāśas, offering of two, 1061-1063; re- mnants of puroḍāśa are divided into four and eaten by priests, 1068-1069; rites performed on upavasatha day where the iṣṭi ex- tends over two days, 1010; śākhā- haraṇa rite to be performed if the sacrificer has already performed soma sacrifice, 1011-1012; Sāmi- dhenī verses in ḍ repeated by hotṛ 1048-1049; Saṃiṣṭayajus homas, 1082; Saṃiṣṭhāyapa, 1080; Saṃyuvāka formula recited by hotṛ, 1075; Sannayya offered in darśeṣṭi by one who has performed somayāga, 1012; Sarvaprāyaścitta mantras, 1080n; Sāyam-doha for sacrificer who has once performed somayāga, 1015-1016; second iḍā consists only of drops of ājya, 1078; spreading the antelope skin to the west of the uttara on which grains are to be pounded, 1026- 1027; Sūktavāka repeated by hotṛ, 1073-1074; summons to haviṣkṛt differed according to varṇa of sacrificer, 1027; third puroḍāśa offered to Indra Vaimṛdha in full moon iṣṭi according to some, 1085; upāṃśuyāja, after the first puro- ḍāśa, 1062; Veda (bunch of dar- bhas so called) how cut and for what purpose, 1014-1015; vedi, construction of, to west of āhava- nīya, 1034-1038; Viṣṇukramas, (four ), 1083; yajamāna repeats the Atimokṣa mantras towards the ond of the iṣṭi, 1084. Das, S. K., 921ṇ Dāsa (see under dasyu ), antago- nism of, to Āryas, 26; distinguish- ed from Āryan foes or other Āryas, 27; same as dasyu in Ṛgveda, 26; vanquished by Āryas and became śūdras, 33. Dāsa, a fisherman, 83. Daśahotṛ mantras, 993, 1024n, 1168. Daśakumaracarita, 806. Daśapeya; brāhmaṇas for drinking soma in, had to trace ten genera- tions of learned ancestors on both sides, 252, 1220; procedure of, 1220-21. Dasnamis, ten orders of saṃnyāsins, 948ṇ Dasyu (see under dāsa ), differed from Ārya in colour and cult, 26; characteristics of the tribe of, 26; identified with asuras in some cases, 26. Dattakamīmāṃsā, 186ṇ Dattātreya; as avatāra of Viṣṇu in the Bhāgavata-purāṇa, 721; de- votees of, offered him wine and meat, 726; referred to as parama- haṃsa in Jābālopaniṣad, 726; wor- ship of, popular in the Deccán, 726. Daughter, is like the son and is one’s own self according to Manu, 510; was not greeted as much as the son, 509-510. Dauṣmanta, 84. Day, division of, into two, three, five or eight parts, 644-645; divi- sion of, into thirty muhūrtas, is ancient, 645. Dāyabhāga, 584n; conferred higher rights to property on the widow of a deceased coparcener in Bengal than anywhere else, 635; men- tions no vedic passages for its theory of sapiṇḍa, 477; on sapiṇḍa relationship, 452, 472-477. Dāyakramasāṃgrāha, a work of Śrīkṛṣṇa, 474. Debts, son’s pious duty to pay debts of father and other ancestors does not include debts for drinking, 799; theory of three, due to gods, sages and pitṛs, 270, 425, 560, 676, 1134. Doḷuge, story of, 1065ṇ Deśastha brāhmaṇas: of Mādhyan- dina śākhā, marriage customs of, 470-471; of Mysore and Karṇāṭaka, 467. Deṣpaṇḍe, Dr. Mrṣ, 195ṇ Doussen, on grandeur of the concep- tion of āśramas, 423-424; propounds that kṣatriyas were pioneers of Brahmavidyā, 106ṇ Devadāsis (minor girls dedicated to service in temples ), 904. Devadāsis Protection Act of 1934, 904; Devala, 7, 16n, 53, 72, 78, 81n, 109n, 115, 121, 264. 293n, 324 &c.; tackled the problem of taking back into Hindu fold people con- verted to other faiths, 389-390. Devalaka, temple priest, 109n; not to be invited for śrāddha, 711. Devapāla, coṃ on Kāṭhaka-gṛhya, 219, 228, 248n, 832. Devāpi, purohita of Śantanu, 31, 109. Devāpi, descendant of Pūru, will revive kṣatriya race, 380-381. Devapratiṣṭhātattva of Raghunan- dāna, 897n, 900, 904. Devapūjā, (vide 'image' and 'imago worship,' 'tīrtha','naivedya') also is a yāga, 714; aparādhas in, 736; bath of image, how effected, 731; bath of image with five ingredi- ents, 731; different from Deva- yajña of the Tai. Ār. and sūtras, 405; flowers to be employed in, 732-733; is only one for all mem- bers of a joint Hindu family, 714; lamps in, to be fed with ghee or sesame oil, 733; men of all varṇas and women can perform, 714; naivedya (food offering) in, 733- 734; namaskāra in, 735; ornaments for images of gods should be of real gold and jewels and not imitation ones, 732; nirmālya (removed flowers) purify the wor- shipper, 732; of three sorts, Vaidiki, Tāntriki and miśra, 740; perform- ed after morning homa or after brahmayajña, 705; procedure of, in modern times, 739-740; rules about water used in, 730-731; seat for worshipper in, 731; time for, 714; unguents in, 732; upacāras in, 729-735; water used in bath of image treated as sacred 731; wav- ing lamps before an image, 733; word occurs in the Vārtikas of Kātyāyana, 714. Devatā, form of, discussed in Niru- kta, 712; which meant in gṛhya rites when none specifically men- tioned, 208 and ṇ Devatādhyāya, of Sāmaveda, 1170ṇ Devayajana (place of sacrifice ), 988n, 1134-1135. Devayajña (vide devapūjā), 705-740; consisted in offering into fire offerings or fuel sticks, 705; devatās differed according to śākhā 705; distinction made between devayajña and devapūjā in later smṛtis, 705; vaiśvadeva came to be looked upon as, 705. Devīpurāṇa, 176, 217, 900. Dhammapada, 336ṇ Dhānyas (corns), eighteen kinds of, enumerated, 874ṇ Dhāreśvara, allowed widow to succeed to sonless husband if she submitted to niyoga, 600ṇ Dharma, (see under 'pariṣad', 'śiṣṭa'), conflict between other goals and, 9; doubtful points of, should be decided not by more reliance on śāstra but by reasoning, 967; divisions of, six, 2-3; one of the four goals of human existence, 8; meaning of, 2; qualities that secured dharma for all, 10; quintessence of, 7; Śamkarācārya and learned brāhmaṇas at holy places claim the exclusive rights of restoring to castes or excommunication for lapses, 971-973; śiṣṭas to decide the doubtful points of, 967; smṛta, 2; sources of, 2; śrauta, 2; to be preferred to artha and kāma, 8; ten-fold, common to all, 11. Dharmaśāstra, extensive literature on, in ancient times, 355; primarily concerned with varṇāśrama- dharma, 11; primarily concerned with practices in āryāvarta, 18; subjects lower aims to higher, 9; topics of, in Gautama and other sūtrakāras, 1; works proceeded on assumption that the Veda is eternal, 352; works glorify house- holder's life and push into back- ground life of saṁnyāsa, 424. Dharmasindhu, 200, 206, 236, 249n, 457, 462, 465, 468, 502, 535, 536 &c. Dhenus, are gifts of certain articles, 880; ten kinds of, according to Matsya, 880-881; twelve kinds of, according to Varāhapurāṇa, 880. Dhīgvapa, 84. Dhīvara, a caste, 84.
Dhṛtarāṣṭra, became forest hermit after Kaurava war, 923. Dhvajī, 84. Dice-play, in Rājasūya, 1219. Dickens, in Oliver Twist, 4ṇ Dīkṣā, procedure of, in Agniṣṭoma, 1137-1138. Dīkṣaṇīyā iṣṭi, in Agniṣṭoma, 1136- 1138; is finished when patnīsaṁ- yājas are offered, 1137. Dīkṣita, food of, not to be eaten till vapāhoma, 758; not to be address- ed by name, 333; restrictions as to food for, 1139; rules to be observed by wife and dīkṣita, 1139-1140; should not speak with a śūdra while engaged in sacrifice, 35; when a man is entitled to be called a, 1136. Dīkṣitar, Prof. V. R. Ī., 719. Dīnāras, golden, 388n, 860n; inter- est on twelve dīnāras was sufficient to feed one bhikṣu throughout the year in the Gupta period, 860ṇ Dīpakalikā, a coṃ on Yaj., 471. Directions, objectionable, 305n; pre- siding deities of four, 745n; un- objectionable, in which religious acts may be performed, 305ṇ Dirghațamas, forbade remarriage and niyoga, 612. Divākīrtya, 84. Divorce, Indian Act, of 1869, 621. Divorce (see under 'marriage'), 619- 623; abandonment (tyāga) of wife is not, 620; a vincula matri- monii unknown to Hindu society (except by custom among lower castes), 620; in England and in Roman Catholic Church, 622-623; Kauṭilya on, 621-622; marriage in approved forms cannot be dissolved according to Kauṭilya, 621-622; nothing in the Vedic texts about, 619. Divya-snāna, 368. Doma (or domba), a caste, 82; same as śvapaca, 82. Drāhyāyaṇa-śrauta-sūtra, 240n, 988n, 1134, 1145n, 1168, 1185, 1195n. Draupadī: according to Kumārila, there were really five wives of the Pāṇḍavas very similar to each other, 555; svayaṁvara of, 523; wife of five brothers, 554. Draviḍas, 84; Manu's view about, 47. Drinking (liquor), 792-798; see 'Arjuna', 'Vāsudeva', 'liquor'; brāh- maṇas drink rum in north India according to Bauḍ 795; brāhmaṇas had given up drink at time of Kāṭhaka-saṃhitā, 793-794; enu- merated among five grave sins in Chāṇ Up., 794; forbidden to brāhmaṇas at all stages of life, 795; in sautrāmaṇi iṣṭi, 793; liquor prepared from molasses or flowers not forbidden to kṣatriyas and vaiśyas, 795; prohibition as to drinking did not apply to brāh- maṇa women according to some, 795; surā distinguished from Soma in Vedic literature, 792; surā said to be of three kinds, 795; surā primarily applied to liquor pre- pared from flour and it is this that is forbidden to all dvijātis, 795; ten kinds of intoxicants forbidden to brāhmaṇas by Viṣṇu Dh. S., 757. Droṇa, a brāhmaṇa commander, 123, 322; taught the Kauravas and Pāṇḍavas but without prior stipu- lation for fees, 362. Droṇa-parva, 8n, 84, 88, 322, 329, 511, 539. Dṛṣadvatī, river in Rg., 12; falls into the Sarasvatī, 15n. Druhyus, 39. Dumont, Prof., 977n. Durbhara, 102. Durbrāhmaṇa, who is, 108n. Durgā, eighth of bright half of Āśvina sacred to, 138; Devīmāhātmya, principal text of worshippers of, 738; killed Mahiṣāsura, 638; metallic stone used in wor- ship of, 716; names of, 738; sacrifice of goat or buffalo for, 739; stated to be fond of blood and wine, 738; worship of, 738-739. Durgārcanapaddhati of Raghunan- dāna, 739. Durvā, plant favourite of Viṣṇu, 732. Dutt, N. K., 168. Dvādāśāha, a Soma sacrifice, 1213- 14; is both an ahina and a sattra, 1213; difference between D. as ahina and as sattra, 1214. Dvijāti or dvija, meaning of, 189; three higher varṇas are called, as upanayana is 2nd birth, 189; who neglects Veda and studies other lores becomes a śūdra, 356. Ears, piercing of the lobes of, in the case of infants, as a rite in ancient and modern times, 255. Edicts, of Aśoka, 10, 93, 414n, 724, 778, 894. Education, (see under 'guru', 'apprentice', 'universities', 'svādhyāya', 'Veda', 'vidyā', 'women'), in ancient India, 321ff; corporal punishment how far allowed in ancient India, 362-363; defects of, 370; given without prior agreement about fees, 359-360; instruction was oral, 321, 348; knowledge learnt orally from a teacher more effective, 322; literature to be studied vast even in ancient times, 353-354; no directions in sutras about edu- cation of children before upa- nayana, 265-266; of kṣatriyas and vaiśyas, 363-364; of prince in Kauṭilya, 266; of princes in specially built houses, 364; of women in ancient India, 365-368; oral instruction persisted in be- cause it was cheap and ensured accuracy, 348; originally father taught his son, 321; prejudice against learning from books in India, 347, 349; salient features of system of, in ancient India, 369-370; subjects of study, 352; system of pupil teachers in, 343- 344; teacher was the pivot of the system of, 321; teachers addressed pupils by their gotra names in Upaniṣad times, 481. Eggeling, Prof., 977, 1031n, 1163n, 1219n, 1227, 1236ṇ Ekalavya, story of, 322. Emuṣa, boar called Emuṣa, raised the earth out of water, 718. Encyclopaedia, of Social Sciences, 165, 180ṇ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 4ṇ Eudogamy, 23, 24, 436. Ends, dharmaśāstra requires sub- section of lower to higher, 9; pro- ximate and remote, 9. England, marriages of infants of 3 years and onwards took place 300 years ago in, 446. Enthoven, 73, 904ṇ Epigraphia Indica, 61, 66n, 68, 70, 72, 77, 87, 92, 94, 113n, 123, 145, 216n, 217, 240n, 245n &c. Ethics, conscience as basis of, 7; no detailed examination of princi- ples of, 3; two principles stated, 7. Eugenics, rules about, 205, 430. Europeans, privileges of, in criminal trials in British India, 142-143. Exogamy, 23, 436. Fa Hien, 66, 856ṇ Family, good, the first requisite in selecting bride or bridegroom, 430; ten classes of, to be avoided in marriage, 430. Farquhar, Dr. J. N., 711, 724, 730, 948n, 951ṇ Father, out the hair in his son’s caula in ancient times, 262; has no ownership over children, 508- 509; himself taught Veda to his son in ancient times, 273, 321; on return from journey, smelt head of son with a mantra, 254; f. or guardian incurred sin if he did not get girl married before pube- rty, 442; power of, over his children, 507-508; power of, to in- flict corporal punishment, 508. Fomale Infanticide Prevention Act of 1873 in India, 509. Fick, 21n, 23n, 48n, 56, 79, 84, 103. Fire (vide under 'agni' and 'gṛhya'): hears several names in several rites, 818; consecration of Vedic, by a man having a son and black hair, 350; five fires, 679; sabhya fire, 679; is mouth of gods, 698; not kindling śrauta or gṛhya fire or giving it up, an upapātaka, 685; three śrauta fires, 677; worship of gṛhya, may be done by wife, son, pupil or daughter if householder ill or absent, 307; worship of gṛhya, twice daily, 557. Fish, no unanimity among sūtras about eating of, 782. Fleet, Dr., 217, 867, 953. Flesh-eating (see under 'Cow') 772-782; causes that led to giving up of, 775-776; doctrine of Sāt. Br. that flesh-eater is eaten in next birth by the animal killed, 775; flesh of certain animals high- ly commended in śrāddha, 780; flesh said by Sāt. Br. to be the best kind of food, 773; flesh of certain birds forbidden, 781-782; flesh of five five-nailed animals allowed in many smṛtis, 777; flesh of certain animals forbidden, 777; given up by vast populations in India, 780; position of Manu as to, 778-779; references to flesh of ox, horse, cow and ram in Ṛgveda, 772; Vaiṣṇavas following Bhāga- vata-purāṇa give up, 780. Flowers, commended and prohibited for devapūjā, 732-733. Food, (see under 'brāhmaṇa,' 'gifts,' 'vaiśvadeva,' 'flesh-eat- ing,' 'milk'); abstaining from, in eclipses, 770; blemishes in, one of the four causes of death over- coming brāhmaṇas, 758; brāhmaṇa could take f. of five classes of śūdras in smṛti times, 161; cooked but stale food forbidden, 784; coming from hands of or owned by certain persons forbidden, 787-788; forbidden postures at time of taking, 765; forbidden, 771, 785; gifts of, to be made daily, 133; grounds on which food becomes forbidden, 771; is life according to Veda, 755; large quantities of, how purified, 786; one should not partake of f. without giving to others, 755; obtained by begging supposed to be pure for brahmacārins, 310; Ṛgveda hymn in praise of, 758; rules about giving remnants of ono's food, 769; rules about, became stricter with time, 161; rules about quantity of f. to be eaten, 766; should be groeted and not found fault with 762-763; sprinkling water round food in a plate with a mantra, 763; taking forbidden food is upapātaka, 771; who could bo engaged to cook, 791; yati and brahmacārīn have first claim on food cooked in a house, 935. Forms of marriage: Brāhma and Asura alone are in vogue in modern times, 525; courts have hold in some cases that Gāndharva form is still prevalent, 525. Fouoher, Prof. A., 725ṇ Francis, St. 4ṇ Fraud, vitiates all transactions, 887. Fuel-stick (samidh), rules about, 307-308; to be offered by brahma- cārin twice daily in fire, 307. Furnivall, on child marriages in England, 446. Gadādhara: coṃ of Pāroksara- gṛhyasūtra, 537; Gadyāṇakas: six as yearly salary, 355; thirty nivartanas of land pur- chased for 30 g. of gold, 853. Gagabhaṭṭa, officiated at coronation of Shivaji, 379ṇ Gambler, song of, in the Ṛgveda,125. Gaṇa, consideration of, in marriage, 514-515. Gaṇa, meaning of, 67-68. Gaṇapati (see under ‘Gaṇeśa’), mean- ing of, in Ṛgveda, 213. Gaṇapati-pūjana, 213-216; preliminary act in all rites, 212. Gāndhāri, power of, as a pativratā, 568. Gāndharva, 517, 519; form of marriage, indicated in Ṛgveda, 525; homa and saptapadi neces- sary even in Gāndharva and the subsequent forms of marriage, 521; the best form of marriage according to the Kāmasūtra, 522; very much in vogue among royal families, 522-523. Gandhi, Mahatma, 165; fast of, for removal of untouchability, 177. Gaṇeśa, as the amanuensis of Vyāsa in Mahābhārata, 215; eight famous shrines of, 216n; images of, found from 5th century, 215, 725; images of, may have from two to 108 arms, 725; identified with supreme Brahma, 725; origin of the wor- ship of, 213-216; peculiar features of, wanting in Vedic Literature, 213; red stone as symbol in wor- ship of, 716; worshipped even by Jainas in medieval times, 725. Gaṇeśa-purāṇa, 725. Ganges, invoked in a verse repeated in simantonnay ana, 225; mention- ed in Rg., 12. Ganguly, Mr. O. C. 711ṇ Garbhādhāna, 201-206; a saṁskāra, 195; procedure of, in Bṛ. Up, 202; proper time for, 204; whether a saṁskāra of the woman or of the child, 205-206. Garbharakṣaṇa, 196, 220-221; same as Anavalobhana, 196, 220. Garden, procedure of dedicating to the public, 896. Garga, 267, 656, 660, 672, 825. Gargī Vācaknavī, put subtle ques-tions to Yājñavalkya, 365-366. Gargya, a smṛtikāra, 926ṇ Gargya approached king Ajātaśatru for knowledge of brahma 38. Gārhapatya fire, 989, 992n &c.; mound of, is circular, 994n; only gārhapatya fire permanently main-tained according to some, 999. Gāthāsaptaśatī, 215, 628. Gauḍapāda, author of kārikās, 301ṇ Gaurīharapūjā, a ceremony prepara-tory to marriage, 536. Gautama, dharmasūtra of, 1, 6, 8, 39n, 53, 55, 59, 62, 112, 275, 278, 279 &c. Gavām-ayana, is model of all sattras of one year or more, 1239; parts of, 1240; procedure of 1241-1245; the mahāvrata day in, 1243. Gāyatrī, 283; see under ‘Sāvitrī,’ ‘patitasāvitrīka’; called ‘Veda-matā’, 303; eulogy of, 303-304; how many times to be repeated by brahmacārin, ascetic &c., 686; japa of, is chief part of sandhyā, 313; meaning of, 302; meditation (dhyāna) of, 304n; must be repeated several times in sandhyā every day, 304; sacredness of, 303-304; Śiras of, 304; why the verse became so famous, 303. Genesis, 547ṇ Getting up : auspicious and inauspi-cious sights on, 648; duties immediately after, 647; from bed before sunrise, prescribed for all but particularly for students, 647; to repeat names of famous heroes and heroines and long-lived per-sons on, 648; verses to be recited on, 647-648. Getty, Alice, 725ṇ Gharbhari Gosavis, 952. Gharmadras mantras, 994ṇ Gharpure, Mr. 295ṇ Ghaṭasphoṭa, procedure of, 388. Gholika, a caste, 102. Ghora Āṅgirasa, teacher of Kṛṣṇa, 719. Ghosh, Raisaheb Jamini Mohan, 951ṇ Ghoṭaka-mukha, a writer on eroticṣ 432. Ghurye, Dr. 29, 31, 32, 38n, 285ṇ Gifts (see under ‘dāna’): accept-ance of gifts made on the Gangos and of elephants, horses, beds of the dead condemned, 885; could be made by anybody to anybody, 115; donors should make only to learned or worthy persons, 114; even ignorant brāhmaṇas were allowed to accept gifts without scruples, 117; for dharma are held by courts to be void for uncertainty 888; food may be donated outside Vedi to all, 114, 116; given unasked may be taken from anybody except patita, 114; grades of donors making, 113; merit of, differed according to the worth of the recipient, 115; not to be received from unworthy persons, 110; only learned brāhmaṇas should accept, 110; promised to a brāhmaṇa but not made become debts, 886; receiving gifts from a worthy person a better means of livelihood for brāhmaṇas than teaching or being priest, 110; sin incurred by accepting gifts that should not gave been accepted, 885; sixteen kinds of invalid g., 887; strict rules about, gradually relaxed in favour of even ignorant brāhmaṇas, 117; when obligatory, 116; when not revocable, 886; when may be revoked, 887. Girl (see ‘maidens’): every g. supposed to be under protection of Soma, Gandharva and Agni be-form marriage, 443; if not got married by father or brother could select her own husband, 442; marriage of infant, referred to in Gaut., 442; promised to one may be given to another who is worthier, 540; practice of finding out a male to go through a form of marriage with the corpse of a dead unmarried grown-up girl, 444; purchased for a price, did not become a patnī, 505; providing for marriage of girl with a brāh- mana highly meritorious, 356; remaining unmarried, was sup- posed not to go to heaven after death, 436, 444; sale of, in marriage condemned in sutras and digests, 503–505; sale of, made punishable by Peshwas, 506–507; sentiment arose that the marriage of a girl must be arranged early and so even with one without good qualities, 443; taking wealth from a bridegroom for the benefit of a girl is not a sale, 505–506.
Gītagovinda, 723. Goals, of human life, four, 8–9. Gōbhila, gr̥hyasūtra of, 196, 203, 208, 222, 233, 234, 246, 255, 258, 261, 262, 264 &c. Gōbhila, smr̥ti of (also called Karma- pradīpa and Chāndōga-pariśiṣṭa), 115, 215, 217, 265, 304n, 308n, 315n, 317n, 318, 328n, 511, 548 &c. Gōcarma, measure of land, defined, 859ṇ
God, conceived as trimūrti by some, 724; eight forms of, 898; one, worshipped by many people in different ways and with different offerings, 715; was supposed to come down to earth to establish dharma, 720; worship of, with and without symbols, 896. Gōdāna, same as Keśānta: 197, 402– 405. Gōdāna-vrata, a Vēdavrata for brahmacārin, 371. Gode, Mr. P. K., 537. Gods, wives of (see under ‘wives’). Goja (or Gōda), a caste, 79. Gōlaka, 54, 80, 611; treated by Mitāk- ṣarā as different from anuloma or pratiloma or savarṇa, 54; upa- nayana of, 298. Gōmatī, river in R̥g., 12. Gōpa, a caste, 80. Gōpatha-brāhmaṇa, 270n, 272n, 279n, 303, 327, 350, 353. Gōpīcandana, clay used to mark fore- head after a bath, 673. Gōpīnātha, author of Saṁskāraraṭna- mālā, 201ṇ Gōśahsra, a mahādāna mentioned in Harṣacārita, 869; procedure of, 874. Gōsava, a one-day Soma sacrifice, of strange practices, 1213ṇ Gōsukta, 1006. Gōtra, (see ‘marriage’, ‘sagotra’, ‘women’), 479–501; conception un- derlying the idea of gotra was familiar to the poets of the R̥g- veda, 479; connection between gotra and pravara, 497; details of worship differed according to the founder of the group called a gotra, 480; eighteen gotras accor- ding to Bālaṁbhaṭṭī, 489; father’s gotra, retained by woman even after marriage, if a woman was a puṇikā or married in asura and the following forms, 466; gotras grouped into gaṇa, pakṣa, 486; importance of, in several practices and rites, 481–482; is known only by immemorial tradition, 486; majority of gotras have three pravaras, 491; means progeny of eight sages according to Bauḍ Śr., 483; meaning of, in Pāṇini, 485; means secondarily any illustrious founder of a family, according to Medhātithi, 485–486; millions of gotras, but pravaras are only 49, 484, 489; mythical kings as foun- ders of, 496; of obild born of void marriage inadvertently entered in, is Kāśyapa, 497; of women, dis- cussion in smr̥tis and digests, 466– 467; originally only four gotras according to Mahābhārata, 489; pravaras of same gotra differ, 495–496; reason why brahmacārin was asked, 285–286; rules for one who does not know his own, 495; some gotras have one, two or five pravara sages but never four, 491–492; system of, among Buddhists also, 494; theories about grounds of prohibited degrees in, 477–478; two gotras for some families, 492–493; two gotras have to be considered in marriage of an adopted son, 493; two meanings of, 485–486; two views of gotra of women, 466–467; woman enters husband’s gotra by marriage particularly in the first four forms, 463, 466.
Government, often tribal, in the Ṛgveda, 39.
Govindarāja. coṃ of Manusmṛti, 110ṇ
Govindasvāmin, coṃ of Banḍ Dh. S., 518, 929.
Grahamakha, a rite performed before upanayana, 286; and in vāstuśānti and on other occasions, 835.
Grahaśānti (see under ‘planets’): procedure of, according to Yājñavalkya, 884; dānas for propitiating planets, 885ṇ
Grant-Duff, author of History of Marathas, 178.
Grants, (see under ‘dāna’, ‘gifts’, ‘mahādānas’, ‘sin’): curse pronounced on him who would resume grants, 863; extent of, described with great exactness in, 864; eight bhogas of land in, 865; for bali, vaiśvadeva, agnihotra and mahāyajñas, 854; for university scholarships in ancient times, 361, 369; forged copperplate grants, 867; made for agnihotra, vaiśvadeva, caru, bali &c., 113n, 979; made by kings and wealthy donors for the study of various branches of knowledge, 355, of land held to be highly meritorious, 856, 858–859; of lands after purchasing them from the owners, 856, 864; of lands and villages at solar and lunar eclipses, 853; of land sometime resumed by later kings, 863; of village to a brāhmaṇa in honour of Buddha, 854; prior grants to temples and brāhmaṇas were excepted when making grants of villages, &c., 863; rules about royal grants of lands or nibandhas, 860–861; sin in resumption of grants made by former kings, 861–862; verses deprecating resumption of, 861–863.
Gṛhaprāveśanīya homa, a rite in marriage, 535.
Gṛhastha (householder), must worship gṛhya fire from day of marriage, every day twice, 307, 678.
Gṛhastharatnākara, 78, 124, 125, 126, 134, 304n, 314n, 318, 415n, 434, 438n, 446 &c.
Gṛhya (fire) : if goes out, husband and wife have to observe fast that day, 682; one should not blow on, with the mouth, 682; several names of, 678; time from which to be maintained, 678–680; whence brought, 682.
Gṛhyapariśiṣṭa, 206, 239, 254, 284n, 469, 521, 543.
Gṛhyasangraha, 328ṇ Gṛhyasangraha, 443.
Guardians: for the marriage of girls, 502–503; may be fined for concealing defects of marriageable girl, 540.
Guests: ascetics and brahmacārins are the foremost among guests, 754; greeting to, differed according to varṇa, 753; honour how shown to, 752; how an unlearned brāhmaṇa or a kṣatriya or a vaiśya was to be treated when a guest, 753; king to set apart some paddy in each village for śūdra guests, 753; madhuparka was offered to, 542; householder to dine after serving food to guests, 755; should be honoured, because they may be yogins in disguise, 754; when guest departs, host must accom- many to some distance according to eminence of guest, 756; wife of householder to look after guests in his absence, 753. Guhaka, a caste, 79. Guilds, boundary disputes to be settled by, 67. Gulma, meaning of, 68. Guṇadharna, meaning of, 3. Gupta Inscriptions, 217, 218, 245, 251, 494, 629, 775, 857, 860n, 861, 863, 864, 867, 927, 953. Guptas, Imperial dynasty of, 953. Gurava, see Bhasmākura, 102. Guru: called āhavanīya fire by Manu, 312; defined, 324; fee to be given to, at ond of studies, 360–361; five gurus deserve special honour, 324; importance of, 322; three highest gurus are Father, mother and ācārya, 324; to be looked upon as God by the pupil, 322. Hall, Fitz-Edward, 636ṇ Halsbury, 143, 572n, 573ṇ Haradatta, 6n, 56, 62n, 70n, 71, 74, 105n, 140, 159, 200, 275n, 286 &c. Harappa, seals excavated at, 348. Haribhadra, 359ṇ Harihara, bhāṣya of, 198, 284n, 813ṇ Harijan, meaning of, 179. Hariścandra, 241; had one hundred wives, 551; story of, 37. Hariścandra, prince of Kanoj, 240; nāmakaraṇa of, 240. Harivamsa, 156, 978. Hārita, 80, 82, 84, 89, 94, 96, 125n, 126, 128, 171, 188, 192, 204, 236, 264 &c. Harṣa, emperor, 388, 532, 628, 867; was worshipper of the Sun though his elder brother was a Buddhist, 724. Harṣacarita, 87, 215, 430, 446, 450, 510, 532, 584, 598, 628, 630, 722n, &c. Hatbigumpha Inscription (2nd cen- tury B. C.) 364, 869. Haug, 1012n, 1014n, 1032n, 1050n, 1119n, 1145n, 1161n, 1164, 1182, 1185n, 1213n, 1240n, 1244, 1246ṇ Haviryajñas, seven, 194, 1224. Haviṣkṛt, call, 157, 1027ṇ Haviṣya (to be offered in fire), ten materials fit for being, 681. Hayagrīva, as avatāra of Viṣṇu, 720. Heinrich, Rev. J. C., 179ṇ Heliodorus, Besnagara Inscription of, 719–720. Hell, called Kālasūtra, for him who sells his daughter in marriage for his own livelihood, 506. Hemādri, 3, 6n, 11, 209n, 308n, 381, 451, 577, 852, 853n, 854 &c. Hemahastiratha, a mahādāna, 875. Hemāśvaratha or Hiraṇyāśvaratha, a mahādāna, 875; performed by Lakṣmaṇasena of Bengal, 870. Herbert, Mr. A. P., 622. Hereditary Offices Act, 178. Heretics, to be banished from capital according to Manu, 359ṇ Hillebrandt, Prof. 977, 978ṇ Himālaya, 13; abandoning life in, by fasting, said in Mahābhārata to lead to mokṣa, 925. Hiṃsā (killing or injury to an ani- mal): doctrine that hiṃsā is ahiṃsā if done according to Veda for sacrificial purposes, 779. Hindu (see under ‘reconversion’): absorption of non-Aryan elements into Hindu society, 384, 389; ex- communication of, how brought about, 388; keeping of śikha, one of the outward signs of, 264; may lose caste, but can come back after expiation, 387; no procedure in the smṛtis for converting to Hinduism those who never belong- ed to it, 388; quietly absorbed non-Aryans, 388-389; religion, not avowedly proselytizing, 387; re- conversion to, of those forcibly converted, 379–392; tenet of adhi- kārabheda in, 714-715; tolerance in, examples of, 388ṇ Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act (of 1856), 616. Hiranyagarbha, a mahādāna, 872- 873; all saṁskāras symbolically gone through by donor in, 872; performed by king Dantidurga at Ujjayini, 876. Hiranyagarbha (Creator), addressed in Ṛg. X. 121, 172. Hiranyakasipu was killed by Viṣṇu in man-lion form, 718. Hiranyakesigṛhya, 162n, 196, 197, 199n, 202n, 203, 205, 208, 233, 235, &c. Hiranyakesi-śrauta-sūtra, 483. Holdsworth, 118n, 142. Holy places, 854; gifts made at, confer infinite reward, 854. Homa: daily homa in gṛhya fire may be done by wife, 557; description of model, 207-208; distinguished from dāna and yāga, 714n; mate- rials required in gṛhya, 209-210; order of the several actions in, 210-211; priest cannot offer, in the absence of both spouses, 683; to be offered by the house-holder himself or his wife, son, pupil &c., 683; two views about time of performing daily homa, 675-676; when no material specified, ājya is offered in, 681, 986; when performed in morning and evening, 675-676; who can offer homa, in the absence of householder, 683. Honour (see under 'courtesy', 'guest'): grounds on which honour was to be shown, 345; learning, foremost ground for paying, 346; showing, to one who is not a teacher or a relative, 344; shown in various ways, 334-337; Hopkins, Prof., 3n, 107n, 720n, 776ṇ Horse, with white spots in five places on his body is very auspi- cious and is called pañcakalyāṇaka, 875ṇ Horses: Gautama mentions horses as objects of gift, 839; gifts of, in Ṛgveda, 838; gift of, condemned in Tai. S., 181, 839; iṣṭi to Varuna to be performed by the donor of a horse in a Vedic sacrifice, 839. Hospitality (vide under 'manuṣya- yajña'): eulogy of, in Atharvaveda and smṛtis, 749, 752; is not for the undeserving, 750. Hospitals, called ārogyaśālā, 885. Hotṛ priest, position of limbs of, in sacrifices, 1047. Householder (see under food, gṛha- stha, śālīna, yāyāvara): brāhmaṇa householder to approach king or a rich man for his maintenance 689; duties of, 643; eulogised as the highest āśrama, 425, 640; impor- tance of stage of, 640-641; life of, not regarded as inferior to that of an ascetic by most dharmaśāstra works, 424-425; not to partake of food till guests are fed, 755; not to stint one's servants and slaves as to food in order to feed guests, 755; the only āśrama according to Gautama and Baudhāyana, 424- 425; varieties of, 641-643; was to allow girls of the family and ailing persons to take food before him, 755. Hultzsch, Dr., 506ṇ Hūṇa, princesses married to Hindu kings, 389. Husband (see 'marriage', 'wife'): abandoning a blameless wife had to undergo expiation and was punishable by king, 551, 569; and wife to perform sacrifices to- gether, 367, 429; has no ownership over wife, according to several writers, 508-509; identity of husband and wife accepted in religious matters but not for secular and legal purposes, 573; mutual duties and rights of wife and husband, 556-582; mutual fidelity highest dharma of wife and husband, 619; not ordinarily liable for wife's debts, 573n; not to prove false to each other in three puruṣārthas and not to be separate from each other, 556; power of correction of, over wife, 569; principal obligations of wife and husband 556; rules about sexual intercourse between husband and wife, 801-802. Hymns, Vedic, recitation of which purifies man, 685-686.
Ibbetson, 66. Idā, daughter of Manu., 1065ṇ Idāpatra, 1065ṇ Images (vide ‘devapūjā’, ‘tem- ples’): cannot be owners of pro- perty in the literal sense, 911; consecration of images in temples not dealt with in principal gṛhya and dharma sūtras, 896; doubtful if worship of, prevailed in Vedic times, 706-707; expressly mention- ed by Mānavagṛhya, Bauḍ gr., Laugākṣi gṛhya, and others, 709; are juridical persons capable of holding property, 911; materials of which images are made, 715; of Buddha began to be made about a century or two before Christ, 711; of Śiva and Skanda spoken of by Pāṇini, 710; proper sizes of, in the house or in temples, 716; views about origin of, in India, 711-712; whether trustee can sub- stitute a new image or remove it to another place, 916; witnesses to be sworn in the presence of images of gods, 709; worship of five gods called pañcāyatana, 716-717; worship of, not neces- sary for everybody, 714-715; worship of, whether derived from śūdras, 711; worship of, may be in a private house or in temples, 897.
Immortal, names of seven persons believed to be 259ṇ
Impurity, on hirth none till navel cord is cut, 236. Indian Antiquary, 85, 217, 240n, 245, 349n, 506, 593n, 598, 629, 799, 865n, 867, 1245; New I. A., 75ṇ Indian Historical Quarterly 85-86, 238n, 319n, 720n, 864. Indians, discrimination against in South Africa, 165. Indra: and Ahalya, 1145n; and Medhyātithi Kāṇva, 1145n; born of Monā of Vīraṇaśva, 1145n; festival of raising the banner of, called Indramaha, 398, 825-826; guilty of brahmahatyā in killing Namuci with foam, 718-719; said to be grandson of sage Śṛngavṛṣa, 717; secret name of, is Arjuna, 241; some people do not regard him as god in Ṛgveda, 358n; spoken of as ‘meṣa’, 1145; trans- ferred sin of brahmahatyā to earth, trees and women, 802. Indraṇī (wife of Indra), 1041; worship of, in marriage ceremo- dies, 536. Indradvaja, 824-825; on full moon of Bhādrapada, 824. Infanticide, 509. Infanticide Act in England, 509. Inge, Dean, 138, 146. Inscriptions, 61, 65-66, 68-69, 70, 77, 85, 87, 113n, 123, 145, 217, 248, 355, 382, 384, 388n, 389, 494, 553, 615, 629, 719, 722n, 730n, 737n, 774, 839, 853-854, 856, 857, 859n, 860n, 862-865; 870, 883, 903-904, 909, 913n, 925-926, 928, 978-979. Īśāna-bali (see under Śūlagava), 831. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Pandit, 614, 616. Iṣṭāpūrta: defined by the Mahābhā- rata, 884; meaning of, in Vedic Literature, 843-844. Iṣṭi: distinguished from a paśuyāga or somayāga, 981n, 986; on birth of a son, 228-229; sacrifice in which four priests are employed, 1009. Īśvarasena, an Ābhīra king, 68, 73, 252; described as Mādharīputra, 252. Itihāsa-purāṇa, as fifth veda in Upaniṣads, 354; as svādhyāya or brahmayajña, 353, 701; to be read in the 6th and 7th parts of the day, 799. It-sing, Chinese traveller, 369. Jabāli, 667ṇ Jabālopaniṣad, 197n, 421, 726, 918, 930, 931, 943, 963. Jacob, story of, in the Bible, 547ṇ Jaimini (see pūrvamīmāṃsā): 17, 29n, 34n, 36, 109, 152, 154n, 156, 182, 190, 229, 269, 297n, 350, 352, 367, 383, 401, 463, 469n, 482, 494, 504-505, 507, 557, 560, 568, 581, 589, 684n, 714n, 793, 803, 849, 865, 889, 984, 985n, 989, 996n, 998, 1010n, 1016, 1019, 1024, 1026, 1027, 1057n, 1058, 1060, 1064, 1069, 1073n, 1074, 1085, 1086, 1095, 1110, 1114n, 1115 and n, 1116, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133n, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1145n, 1146, 1151n, 1154, 1168, 1175, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1189, 1190, 1199, 1200, 1203, 1205, 1211-12, 1222-23, 1228, 1241-42, 1246, 1250. Jaimini, author of a smṛti, 236, 312ṇ Jainas, as worshippers in temples of Jina, 722; religious suicide allowed among, 927-928; touch of, entailed bath as expiation, 169, 665. Jalāśayotsargatattva of Raghunandana, 892, 893ṇ Jalopajīvin, 82. Jamadagni, oow of, carried away by Kārtavīrya, 41; descendant of, in Tai. S., 479; descendants of, are pañcāvattins, 528ṇ Jamadagnyas, divisions and sub-divisions of, 490; special usages of, 481-482. Jana, meaning of, 1212ṇ Janaka, king of Videha, 13; asked Yājñavalkya to expound saṃnyāsa, 421; discussion of philosophy in court of, 365; expounded to Yājñavalkya philosophy, 105; had studied Veda and Upaniṣads, 106; made a gift of himself as slave to Yājñavalkya, 181. Janamejaya: his priest Indrota, 241; received Vyāsa with madhuparka, 546. Janaśruti Pautrāyaṇa, 888; addressed as śūdra by Raikva, 155. Japa (see ‘mantra’); alone confers on brāhmaṇas highest perfection, 686; is of three sorts, 686; of mantras like ‘om namo Viṣṇave,’ 687; of Gayatri and other mantras is chief part of Saṃdhyā, 313, 318; should comprise Gayatri and Puruṣasūkta at least, 686; when to be performed, 686; where to be performed, 686. Jaṭā, a mode of reciting Veda, 347. Jātakarma, a saṃskāra, 198, 228-237. Āyuṣya is one of the rites in, 233; elements in rite of, according to Br. Up. 229-230; procedure of, according to Aśv. gṛhyasūtra, 231. Jātakas (Buddhist birth stories), 13, 85, 945. Jati, generally distinguished from varṇa, but sometimes confounded, 55; does not occur in Vedic Literature in the sense of caste, 55; lays great emphasis on birth and heredity, 55; meaning of, 54; word occurs in dharmaśutras, 55. Jātiviveka, a modern work, 71, 74, 83, 84, 92, 97, 102. Jātukarṇya, 157n, 194, 219. Jātyapakarṣa, doctrine of, explained, 62-65; two kinds of, in Yājñavalkya, 64-65. Jātyutkarṣa, doctrine of, explained, 62-65; two kinds of, in Yājñavalkya, 64-65. Jaya, mantras from Tai. S. 253ṇ Jayarāma, coṃ of Pāraskara-gṛhya, 284n, 813ṇ Jhalla, 82. Jīmūtavāhana, author of dāyabhāga, 452. Jivanmuktiviveka, 937, 941, 946, 950, 964. John, St., 975. Jolly, Dr., 438n, 555, 556, 606, 609ṇ Journal, of Bombay Asiatic Society, 73. Journey, father on return from, smelt the head of his son with a mantra, 254; one should start on, after seeing certain objects, 688; ono should avoid sight of certain objects when starting on, 688. Judicial work, king to devote three parts of the day in the morning to, 806. Juhū, a ladlo to be employed in all offerings except where otherwise stated, 986. Justinian, Institutes of, 507. Jyeṣṭhasāmika, 767ṇ Jyeṣṭhasāmika-vrata, 372. Jyotiṣmati, verse, 956ṇ Jyotiṣṭoma (soo under Agniṣṭoma) 1133; chief rites in, 1133; identified often with Agniṣṭoma, 1133; occupies generally five days, 1133; performance of, obligatory on all dvijātis, 1134. Kadambas: founder of, a brāhmaṇa, 66, 123, 251, 449–450; gave their daughters in marriage to Gupta and other kings, 66, 450; medita ting on the group of Mātṛs, 217. Kadambarī of Bāṇa, 81, 91, 174, 217, 239, 266n, 295, 349, 598, 628, 645, 675, 687 &c. Kaivalyopaniṣad, 946. Kaivarta (fisherman), 70, 79; saṇie as dāsa, 79. Kakṣīvat, though old, married a young giri through Indra’s favour, 439. Kakusthavarman, a Kadamba king, 66, 123, 251, 449. Kālāgnirudropaniṣad, oṇ tripundra, 674. Kālakavana, 13; Kālanos, Indian gymnosophist, who consigned himself to flames before Alexander, 928. Kalās, 64 enumerated in Kāmasūtra', 367. Kālasūtra, a hell, 506. Kali age: begging food from all varṇas forbidden to ascetics in, 934; cow or ox not to be killed for an honoured guest in, 750; food cooked by śūdras cannot be offered in vaiśvadeva by āryas, 744; food of all śūdras forbidden to all brāhmaṇas, 162; human sacrifice and aśvamedha forbidden in, 796; intercaste marriages forbidden in, 451; intoxicants forbidden to three varṇas in, 796; killing even an ātatāyin brāhmaṇa forbidden in, 151; licking of agnihotra-havanī in agnihotra forbidden in, 1005n; marriage with a girl having the same gotra as one's mother's original family forbidden in, according to some, 468; marriage with sapiṇḍa or sagotra girl forbidden in, 500–501; niyoga prohibited in, according to Bṛhas pati, 603; religious suicide, for bidden in, 928; remarriage of widows forbidden in, 612, 620; no remarriage in, of a girl whose marriage was void on account of sapiṇḍa or sagotra relationship, 498; saṁnyāsa forbidden in, by some, 953; slaughter of anu bandhyā cow at end of Agniṣṭoms, forbidden in, 1201n; śūdra kings will perform Aśvamedha in, according to purāṇas, 1238n; taking the food of even five kinds of śūdras disallowed to dvijātis in, 790; vānaprasthāśrama came to be forbidden in, 929, 424. Kalidasa, 56, 144, 215, 266, 296, 355, 362, 422, 450, 521, 522, 524, 52922, 536, 565, 628, 724. Kālikāpurāṇa, 186, 857, 89023, 110724. Kalkin, as avatara of Viṣṇu, 721. Kalottara, a śaiva work, 882. Kalpapadapas (wish-yielding trees), said to be five, 87425. Kalpasūtra referred to in the Rāmāyaṇa, 1238. Kalpataru, same as Kṛtyakalpataru, 156. Kalpavṛkṣa, a mahādāna, mentioned in Hathigumpha Inscription, 869; procedure of, 873–874. Kāma, a goal of human life, but the lowest, 8. Kāmadhenu, a mahādāna: procedure of, 874–875. Kamalākarabhatta, author of Nirnayasindhu, 634; mother of, became sati, 635. Kāmanstuti, 106726. Kāmasūtra, 9, 72, 83, 367, 41427, 431, 432, 433, 435, 522, 540, 562, 628, 734; regards dharma as superior to kāma and artha, 9. Kambhoja: guilds of kṣatriyas in, 67, 75; outside limits of Āryāvarta according to Nirukta, 13; Manu on people of, 47; referred to by Aśoka, 93. Kampillī, a city, 14. Kaṁsa, killed by Kṛṣṇa, 719. Kāṁsyakāra, a caste, 75. Kāmyesṭis (sacrifices for securing certain desires) 1107–1108. Kāṇīna, caste of, 54. Kaṁkāpabandhana, 536. Kaṇva, a smṛtikāra, 932. Kaṇvāyana, dynasty, was of brāhmaṇa origin, 123. Kanyādāna, a rite in marriage, 533; bridegroom promises not to prove faithless in dharma, artha and kāma to the bride in, 533. Kapālas, arrangement of eight or more for baking cake, 10317. Kapālikas, sect of, 7378. Kapila, son of Prahlāda, an asura, started the system of āśramas, 417. Kapila, condemns those who hold that mokṣa is not possible for him who remains a householder, 641. Kapila Pañcarātra, 855. Kapaṇa, 53, 74–75; an anuloma caste, 53. Kārakara, country of, not fit for Āryas to stay in, 16. Kāravāra, a caste, 77. Kāriṣṭi (for securing rain), 1107. Karka, coṃ of Parāśara-gṛhya, 2849. Karmakāra, a caste, 75; distinguish- ed from Karmāra in some works, 75. Karmanda, 422. Karmāra (vide karmakāra), 75. Karṇa-parva, 1610, 71, 77, 88, 638. Karṇavodha, a saṁskāra, 196, 254-255. Karpūramañjarī, a work of Rājaśe- khara, 450, 73711. Kārṣāpaṇa, fines measured in, 152. Kārtavīrya, story of, 41, 726. Kārtikeya, worship of, 217. Kārūṣa, a caste, 77. Kāśikā, coṃ on Pāṇini, 67, 12212, 22513, 253, 366, 485. Kāśī-Videha, country of, 13, 328. Kāśyapa, smṛti of, 29314, 445, 608. Kāśyapa, subdivisions of gotra, of, 490. Kāṭadhanaka, a caste, 102. Kaṭakāra, a caste, 74. Kaṭhaka-gṛhya, 196, 219, 228, 24815, 255, 257, 258, 262, 263, 264, 26516, 27917 &c. Kaṭhaka-saṃhitā, 12, 107, 139, 148, 220, 233, 24118, 246, 302, 419, 557, 669, 682 &c. Kaṭhopaniṣad, 5, 181, 241, 247, 322, 35819, 75020, 76721, 881. Kātyāyana, smṛti of, 66, 68, 141, 149, 160–161, 173, 184, 185, 186, 497, 539, 559, &c.; allowed a girl to be married again if first marriage void for sagotra or sapravara, 497–498; on defects of bridegrooms, 498. 431; on slaves, 184-185; on father's want of power to sell child or wife, 503. Kātyāyana-śrautasūtra, 662n, 700. Kātyāyana-smṛta-sūtra, 46, 109,153n, 157, 209n, 386, 489n, 576, 679, 919n, 989n &c. Kātyāyana-sūtra, a supplement to Parāśara-gṛhya, 196, 361, 693. Kaukiḷī, variety of Sautrāmāṇī sacri- fice, 1224; for whom performed, 1227. Kauśikasūtra, 196, 398, 403, 479, 513, 827. Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, 12n, 42n, 67, 419, 480, 758, 940, 1000. Kauṣītaki Upaniṣad, 9n, 38n, 52, 106, 254, 328, 1232ṇ Kauṭilya, 9, 53, 56, 67, 73, 78, 85, 122, 141, 143, 144, 266, 363, 552, 600, 932; artha is the principal goal according to 9; on daily duties of kings, 805-806; on duties to be performed by kings in the eight parts of the day and night, 645; on education of prince after caula, 266; on education of prince after upanayana, 266; on sale of children, 508; on temples in the capital, 710. Kāvaṣa Ailūṣa, 447, 758; driven out from a sacrifice on the Sarasvati, 36. Kavyādarśa, 72. Kavyālaṁkāra, of Bhāmaha, 252ṇ Kavyamīmāṁsā, of Rājaśekhara, 369. Kāvyaprakāśa, 904ṇ Kāyaṣṭha, 75-77; controversies about origin and history of, 75; in inscriptions, 77; included among śūdras by some smṛtis, 76; was originally an officer, 76; word occurs among sūtras only in Viṣṇu, 76; word probably derived from foreign source, 76. Keay, Mr., 285n, 321ṇ Keith, Prof., 38n, 418n, 499-500, 555, 977, 978n, 1176n, 1188n, 1202n, 1223, 1228n, 1237, 1239n, 1245, 1246ṇ Kenopaniṣad, 738. Keśānta (same as godāna), 197, 402-405; follows the procedure of cūḍā- karaṇa, 404; medieval digests omit, 415; performed in the 16th year from conception or birth, 403; performed immediately before marriage according to some, 403; performed for girls according to some sūtras, 405; procedure of, 404. Keśava, coṃ of Kauśikasūtra, 403. Keśavapāṇīya, a rite in Rājasūya, 1221. Ketkar, Dr. S. V., 977. Khādira-gṛhya-sūtra, 191n, 196, 208, 220, 234, 246, 247, 255, 261, 262, 288 &c. Khanaka, a caste, 79. Kharāvela, 869; inscription of, at Hathigumpha, 17, 384; performed Rājasūya, 978; repaired all temples, 710; what he learnt as prince, 364. Khaśa, a caste, 79; view of Manu about, 47. Khojas, governed by Hindu Law of inheritance till recent times, 389ṇ King (see under 'pariṣad', 'puro- hita'); cessation of Veda study on death of, 398; could punish brāhmaṇas in appropriate cases, 139; could take cognisance of wrong committed by husband against wife and vice versa, 574; defender of dharma and brāhmaṇas, 39, 965; dependence of, on purohita, 40, 965; drinking is the worst vice for a, 798; duty of, to assign pro- per means of livelihood to brāh- maṇas in distress, 113; duty to make daily gifts to learned brāh- maṇas, to grant lands to them and to make provision for their marriages, 856-858; duty of, to prevent member of lower varṇa doing work of higher varṇa, 119; duty of, to punish those guilty of the breach of the rules of guilds, 68; duty of, to punish persons guilty of saṁkara, 60-61; duty of, to see that no śrotriya perished in his kingdom through hunger, 112n; education of, according to Kauṭilya, 364; four wives of, 551; greeted by maidens with showers of friod grain on festive occasions, 511; has parts of eight deities in him, 137; kept people within bounds, 39; left ecclesiastical matters to purohita, 363; madhuparka offered to, on his visiting a person's house, 542; office of, extolled beyond measure, 137; on coronation was given a vessel of surā by purohita, 796; ruler of all, except brāhmaṇas, 139; shared in the merit accumu- lated by brāhmaṇas, 139; to be approached for yogakşema by brā- hmaṇas,112; to hold assemblies of poets and learned men, 369; to make brāhmaṇas who do not per- form sandhyā, do the work of śūdras, 318; to punish husband who abandons blameless wife, 552; to punish with death one who kills a woman, a child or a brāh- maṇa, 510; to punish with fine villages where high caste men wander about begging, 134; to re- gulate dharma on advice of puro- hita and parișad of learned brāh- maṇas, 965; to rely on Vedas, dharmaśāstras, upavedas, for regu- lating subjects, 354, 363; took by escheat property of heirless per- sons, except of brāhmaṇas, 146; ultimate protector of all women that have no relatives, 577n; vices of kings enumerated, 798; whether owner of all lands in the kingdom, 865-867. Kings; Agnikulas, 382; claimed descent from the Sun and the moon, 381; daily duties of, 805- 806; gotras and pravaras of, 493- 494; had gotras of their own, 494; Manu ordains brāhmaṇas not to live in the kingdom of śūdra kings, 121; some k. had a hundred wives, 553; who became brāhma- ṇas according to the Mahābhārata and purāṇas, 66; who had attained eminence in brahmavidyā, 105. Kirātas, 77; are mlecchas according to some works, 77; mentioned in Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa, 44; view of Manu about, 47. Kleen, Miss Tyra de, 321. Kolika, 79. Końkaṇa, country of, outside pale of Āryāvarta, 16. Kooch Behar, non-Hindu family in, became Hindu 389. Kosala-Videhas, centro of Aryan culture in Brāhmaṇas, 12. Krama, 347; a mode of reciting Voda, is of human authorship, 348ṇ Kratu, a smṛtikāra, 934. Kṛpa, 123. Kṛpī, wife of Droṇa, 627. Kṛśāśva, author of Nāṭasūtra, 84. Kṛṣṇa: Ghora Ańgirasa, was teacher of, 719; name of, to be taken in morning, 648; some of his queens burnt themselves along with his body, 626. Kṛta, a caste, 79 Kṛtyakalpataru, 58, 59, 60, 78, 89, 94, 215. Kṛtyaratnākara, 3n, 7n, 217, 258n, 259, 308n, 687n, 721, 738, 825, 890n &c. Krumu, river, mentioned in Ṛg, 12. Kṣatra-dhṛti, a rite in Rājasuya, 1222. Kṣatriyas (sce under Marathas ), as teachers, 108 ; commend the svayaṁvara form of marriage, 523; co-operation of brāhmaṇa with, emphasized, 39; could become vānaprastha, 923; could not general- ly officiate as priests, 109; could not partake of soma drink, 29; courts in India now hold that kṣatriyas exist, 382; did not con- stantly wear yajñopavita, 296; distinguished from rājanya in Ait. Br., 32; engaging in trade was not subject to restrictions like brāhmaṇas, 127; extirpation of, by Paraśurāma, 98; flesh-eating allowed to, 780-781; forms of marriage for, 522; gotras and pravaras of, 493-494; names of k. as pravara names, 496; position of, 39 ff; pravaras of, in Vedic sacrifices, 388; proposition that kṣatriyas were pioneers in brahmavidyā challenged, 106n; somo medieval works held so-called kṣatriyas were śūdras, 381; some k. studied Veda and philosophy, 106; sometimes claimed higher status than brāhmaṇas, 40; subdivisions among, 104; whether exist in Kali age or not, 380-382; word applied to Gods in Ṛgveda, 30-31. Kṣattṛ, 79; a pratiloma caste, 57, 79; called antyāvasāyin, 70; three meanings of the word, 79. Kṣemendra, 723. Kṣetraja, son, belongs to the caste of his mother, 54. Kṣīrasvāmin, coṃ of Amarakośa, 80, 82, 89, 174n, 918. Kubhā, river, mentioned in Ṛg, 12. Kukkuṭa, a caste, 78. Kukunda, 78. Kulāla, 78; same as kumbhakāra. Kulīka, a caste, 78. Kullūka, 3n, 53, 63n, 72n, 73, 84, 90n 110n, 150, 172, 280 &c. Kumāra, a smṛtikāra, 798. Kumārasambhava, 628, 724, 725, 738. Kumārila (see 'Tantravārtika'), 292, 351, 355, 376, 459, 555, 603, 721; author of gṛhya kārikās, 222; explains Indra and Ahalyā as meaning Sun and Night, 1145n; rebukes bhāṣyakāra Śabara, 351. Kumbhakāra, a caste, 78; food cooked by, could be eaten by brāhmaṇas according to the Mit., 122. Kumbhavivāha, a ceremony for a girl to avoid early widowhood, 546. Kumbhī, 110n, 641ṇ Kuṇḍa, required in Malādāna and other rites, 871ṇ Kuṇḍa, 78, 611; treated as different from savarṇa, anuloma and pratiloma, 54; upanayana of, 298. Kuṇḍārka, a work of Śamkara, son of Nīlakaṇṭha, 871ṇ Kuntalaka (same as nāpita), 102. Kunte, 977. Kuntī, 581; mother of and highly honoured by Pāṇḍavas, 581. Kūrmapurāṇa, 316, 318, 329n, 330n, 357n, 400n, 402, 643, 646n, 647, 657, 736 &c. Kuru, tribe of, 1222. Kurukṣetra, 13; holy place, 13; Vedi of gods in, 13. Kuru-Pañcāla, 328; centre of Aryan culture in times of Brāhmaṇas, 12, 13; centre of Aryan culture in times of Upaniṣads, 13; speech at its best in, 12. Kuru-Vājapeya, 1211. Kuruvinda, a caste, 102. Kuśas, difference between darbhas and, 657; kāśa or dūrvā to be used if kuśa not available, 657; required to be held in the hand in japa, homa, gift &c., 656-657. Kuśīlava, a caste, 78. Kuṣmāṇḍa homa, in taking saṁnyāsa, 958. Kusula, 110n, 641ṇ Kutas, eight, to be considered in marriages, 514. Laghu-Āśvalāyana, 120n, 121, 132, 204, 205, 221, 225, 239, 256, 370, 403, 411 &c. Laghu-Hārīta, 15, 265, 314n, 360n, 466, 649n, 655, 734, 766ṇ Laghu-Saṁkha, 157ṇ Laghu-Śātātapa, 80, 81, 113n, 115, 128n, 311n, 645, 654n, 760 &c. Laghu-Viṣṇu, 158n, 159, 226n, 424, 642, 937, 939, 943. Laghu-Vyāsa, 111, 655, 659ṇ Lāja-homa, in marriage, 529. Lakulas or Lakulīśas, 737 and ṇ Land revenuə, whether a tax or rent, 868. Lāṭa, silk woavors from, 69. Lāṭas, the word ‘abhyañjana’ among, 803ṇ Lāṭyāyana-śrauta-sūtra, 481, 1133, 1145, 1168, 1169, 1182n, 1183, 1193, 1195n, 1199n, 1207n &c. Laugākṣi-grhya, 434, 444. Laugākṣis, aro Vasiṣṭhas by day and Kaśyapas by night, 496. Leggo, 82, 86. Lekhaka, a cast, 94. Levi, Prof. Sylvain, 319ṇ Licchivika and Buddha, 86; oligar-chios of, 85. Likhita, smṛti of, 69, 135, 466, 657n, 844ṇ Līlāvatī, of Bhāskarācārya, 881. Liṅga, fourteen croros said to have boon established by Bāṇāsura, 737; merit socurod by bathing liṅga of Śiva with milk, curds etc., 738; procedure of worship of, 729; Śiva worshipped as liṅga, 737; twolvo famous, 737; worship of, 708. Liṅgapurāṇa, 869, 872, 873, 874. Liquor, vondor of, soul l have a flag at his shop and should not sell it to antyajas except in distress, 798. Lobakāra, a caste, 94. Lokapālas (guardian deities of the right quartors ), 871, 873, 899. Lokāyatas, roforred to by Mahā-bhāṣya, 259n; tonots of, 359n; touch of, 169. Lokāyatikas, touch of, required bath for expiation, 665. Lopāmudrā, a pativratā and wife of Agastya, 586. Low, Sydney, 20. Lubdhaka, (same as vyādha), 94. Luke, Gospol of, 851; Gospol of, forbids divorco, 622n; on kingdom of Hoaven, 975. Macdonell, Prof. 499, 718ṇ Mac Munn, Sir Goorge, 187. MacNaughton, 520. Madana-pārijāta, 158, 200, 302, 310, 316, 334n, 337, 438, 455n, 471, 514, 563, 585, 592 &c. Madanaratna, 198, 249. Madanti, water hoatod on gārhapatya and used for making dough from poundod grains, 1030. Madgu, a cast, 90. Madhumatī, vorsos of the Ṛgvoda, 544ṇ Madhuparka: a mixturo of honey and curds or ājya offered in, 545 divergenoo as to substances offer-od in 545; flesh nocossary in, according to most sūtras, 545; in marriage,532; killing or prosonting a bull or cow in honour of a worthy guest in, 542; offorod only in marriage in modern times, 546; offorod to six classes of persons, 542; procedure of, 543-544. Madhusūdana-Sarasvatī, initiated kṣatriyas and vaiśyas into sovon out of ten ordors of saṃnyāsins and made whom fight Moslem armios, 951. Madhuvidyā, 767n; to bo impartod by father to son or to a worthy pupil only, 322. Madhvācārya, 673. Madhyadośa, limits of, 15. Madhyamaṅgiras, 70ṇ Madhyamīkā, bosiegod by Yavana, 384. Madhyandina śākhā, followers of, gave to observe a social rule about gotra relationship in marriage 471. Madra, country of, 328. Madras Nambudri Act of 1933, 554; forbids a Nambudri brāhmaṇa from marrying a soond wife ox-copt in throe cases, 554. Mādrī, a wife of Pāṇḍu burnt hor-self on the funeral pile of hor husband, 626. Magadha, a pratiloma caste, 57, 90-91; one of the Antyāvasāyins, 70. Madya (see under ‘drinking’). Magavyakti of Kṛṣṇadāsa, 722ṇ Magas: Bhojaka a synonym for, 722n; to receive naivedya offered to the sun-god, 733; story of their being brought by Śāmba from Śvetadvīpa, 722n; to be worshippers in the temples of the Sun, 722. Mahābhārata, 8, 10, 41, 66, 72, 82, 83, 88, 89, 93, 100, 123, 136, 182, 327 &c.; indulges in frequent eulogies of brāhmaṇas 136; on subdivisions of Viśvāmitra gotra, 384; recited in temples, 799. Mahābhāṣya (see under Patañjali), 13, 14n, 67, 72, 83, 92, 100, 107, 225n, 238n &c. Mahābhaṭṭaghāta, a mahādāna, 877. Mahādānas, 869-877; are ten according to Agnipurāṇa, 869; are usually said to be 16, 869; construction of maṇḍapa in, 870-871; described at length in Matsyapurāṇa, 870; performed according to Matsya by great heroes of the past like Vāsudeva, Rāma (Kārtavīrya, 870; procedure of 871; their names go back to centuries before Christian era, 869. Mahādeva, coṃ of Satyāṣāḍha-śrautasūtra, 1085ṇ Mahākāla, temple of, at Ujjayinī, 738. Mahākalpalatā, a mahādāna, 876. Mahānamnī : vrata, 371-373, verses to be studied in Śākvara vrata, 371-372; what are ṃ verses, 372ṇ Mahānandin, the last kṣatriya according to the purāṇas and medieval writers, 381. Mahāpadma Nanda, as extirpator of kṣatriyas, 380. Mahāprasthāna (starting on the great journey to die on the way), 924-927. Mahārṣis, an untouchable caste, 178; economically better off than many villagers, 178. Mahārāṣṭra, brāhmaṇas, subdivisions among, 103. Mahāsaṃhitā, a work, 321. Mahāvākyas (profoundly philosophical sentences in the Upaniṣads), instruction in one out of four, at time of taking saṃnyāsa, 961. Mahāviracarita, 215. Mahāvrata ; mock fight between brāhmaṇa and śūdra in, 25; one who knows mahāvrata not to dine with one who is ignorant, 758; procedure of M. which is the last day but one in a sattra 1243-45. Mahāvyāhṛtis, 257, 301ṇ Mahāyajñas; ancient nomenclature of, differed, 699; distinguished from śrauta rites in two respects, 697; five, 197, 696ff; included among saṃskāras by Gautama, 697; institution of, morally superior to śrauta rites, 697; occur in Śat. Br. and Tai. Ār. 696; order of performance in time, 700; purpose of to atone for unintentional injury caused by cooking, pounding &c. according to Manu and others, 698; sentiments underlying, 697-698; why so called, 697. Māhiṣmatī, women of, wore uncontrolled in their sexual relations, according to Mahābhārata, 428. Māhiṣya, 53, 91; an anuloma caste, 53. Māhiyāṛk, 1200. Maidens, brotherless, could not secure husbands in ancient times for fear of being putrikās, 435; regarded as auspicious and pure, 511. Maine, views of, on caste, 21. Maintenance : absolute duty to give maintenance to certain persons, 568-569; duty of well-to-do people to give maintenance to some persons, 689. Maitra, (same as Kārūṣa) 92. Maitrāvaruṇa priest (see under Paśubandha), 1110. Maitrāyaṇī-saṃhitā, 42u, 255, 503, 516, 726, 779n, 1024, 1025, 1220ṇ Maitreyaka, 92. Maitreyī, wife of Yājñavalkya, an earnest seeker after true know- ledge, 365, 946. Maitrī Upaniṣad, 5n, 356. Mala (filthy exudations from the body), twelve, 651-652. Malabar Marriage Act (of 1896), 621; allows divorce, 621; forbids polygamy, 621. Mālākāra or Mālikā, a caste, 91. Malamāsatattva of Raghunandana, 464ṇ Malatīmādhava, of Bhavabhuti, 367, 432n, 446, 579ṇ Malavikāgnimitra of Kālidāsa, 450, 725, 945, 978. Malla, (see Jhallā ) 90. Mallinātha, 590. Man, born with three debts to gods sages and pitṛs, 270. Manasāra, a work, 713. Mānasa-snāna, 668. Manasvati, verses in piṇḍa-pitṛ-yaj- ña, 1089. Mānava-gṛhyasūtra, 84, 214, 219, 222, 225, 233, 245n, 255, 257, 262, 263, 275 &c. Mānavikā, 91. Mandana, on the making of images, 713. Maṇḍapa, construction of, in mahā- dānas, 870-871; erection of, for distributing water to travellers, 882. Mandlik, Rao Saheb V. N., author of ‘Hindu Law’, 467, 469. Māndukī-śikṣā, 655ṇ Māṇḍukya-upaniṣad, 301ṇ Maṅgala, eight objects, 511, 876ṇ Maṅgalaśūtra, now the most important ornament which no married woman parts with, 537; not mentioned in the sūtras, 537. Manikāra, a caste, 90. Man-lion, avatāra of Viṣṇu, 718-719. Mantra-brāhmaṇa, 220, 256, 262, 366. Mantras (vide under nigada): four categories of, 983; japa of mantras of 6, 8, 12 or more letters, 687; japa of mantras to be counted by the fingers or on a rosary, 687. Mantra-snāna, 667-668. Manu, 3, 7, 9, 33, 39ṇ 53, 55, 59, 63, 73 &c.; ready to regard yavanas, śakas, cīnas and others as kṣatriyas reduced to position of śūdras, 47; smṛti of, has the highest authority among smṛtis, 465; smṛti opposed to Manu’s to be discarded, 465. Manu, story of Manu and Iḍā his daughter, 1065ṇ Manuşya-yajña (honouring guests, soæ under 'hospitality' and 'guests') 749-756; an enemy need not be honoured as guest, 752; comes after offering of bali, 749; fire described as a guest in the Ṛgveda, 749; food to be given to all including cāṇḍālas at time of taking one’s meal, 752; if none offered to brāh- maṇa guest, he carries away merit, hopes, expectations of householder, 750, 753-754; motives of, 752-754; ox or goat cooked for a guest according to Śat. Br., 750; pre- ference among guests governed by varṇa and learning, 749; to show honour according to one’s ability, 751. Manvantarādi tithis, 396n; ana- dhyāya on, 395. Manyu, a caste, 102. Marathas, of Mahārāṣṭra, three classes of, 382. Mārgava (same as Kaivarta) 91. Marīci, 445, 657n, 705, 769ṇ Marjana, 317, 812ṇ Mark, Gospel of, forbids divorce, 622ṇ Mārkaṇḍeya, sage, believed to be im- mortal, 259. Mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇa, 6n, 17, 61, 97, 105n, 114n, 147, 173, 197, 217, 237, 238, &c. Marks, of sect, branded on body with heated metal of the shape of conch, discus, 675. Marriage (see under ‘sagotra’, ‘sapinḍa’, ‘sapravara’, ‘child’ and ‘polygamy’): age of, for girls, in Ṛgveda, 439–440; age of, for girls, in sūtras, 440–443; age of, for men and women, 438–447; anuloma, 448–451; approved forms of, 521–524; attractiveness more important in a bride than know- ledge, 432n; auspicious charac- teristics of brides are external and internal, 432; auspicious times for, 511–513; bride to be younger than bridegroom, 434–435; bride must not be brotherless according to some smṛtis, 435; bride must not be of same gotra or pravara; 436– 437; bride must not be sapinḍa, 437; bride’s mother’s gotra also forbidden by some, 437; bride- groom was to seek hand of bride, 532; consequences of void marriage, 497–499; defects of girls as brides according to Nārada, 433; deser- tion or apostasy of a spouse does not amount to dissolution of, 621; different Sanskrit words for, 427; force and fraud in, 538–539; forms of, 516–525; four or five inducing reasons for selecting a girl, 433; girl in, must be nagnikā, 440; good family placed in the forefront of qualifications for a bridegroom, 430; highly thought of throughout the ages, in India, 427; hymn in Ṛgveda X. 85, 526–527; impotent persons how detected according to Nārada, 431; impotent persons sometimes married, as shown by Manu, 431; indissoluble when completed by Saptapadī, 619; intercaste, history of, 50–58, 447– 452; interposing a piece of cloth between bride and bridegroom, 533; kanyādāna in, 531; kṣatriya girls were under no restrictions as to age at time of, 446; list of all rites of marriage, described in smṛtis, 531– 535; madhuparka was offered to bridegroom in, 542; maṅgalasūtra- bandhana in, 537; names of the girl to be chosen in, must not be after rivers or trees or nakṣatras, 432; mystic method of selecting a bride by means of lumps of clay from various places, 433–434; no vedic evidence about marriage-less society, 427–428; not annulled even by adultery of wife or by her super- session, 620; observations for three nights after, 530–531, 535; of dvija with a śūdra girl allowed by some sages but condemned by many, 448; of dvijāti girls celebrated with Vedic mantras, 197; of old men with young girls, 439; of two sisters to same person when both living, 501 and n; persons who have power to arrange marriage and give girls away, 501–502; principal ceremonies of, 531; post- puberty marriages regarded as highly sinful by some smṛtis, 445; pre-puberty marriages insisted on for girls from about 200 A. D., 443; purposes of, to perform sacrifices, to procreate sons and to secure pleasure, 428–429; prohibition on grounds of sameness of gotra and pravara, 478; prohibition on the ground of ‘viruddhsaṃbandha’, 469; qualification of an eligible bridegroom, 429–431; qualifications of an eligible bride, 431–433; reasons for pre-puberty marriages of girls, 443–444; restrictions on the ground of sapiṇḍa relationship in, 452 ff; rite of, according to Āśvalāyana, 527–531; rites of, great divergence in from ancient times, 527; rules for selection of brides more elaborate than for selecting bridegrooms, 431; sale of girls in, 503–507; saptapadī, principal rite in, 529; three parts in rites of 531; three views about children of anūloma marriage, 55–56; validity of anūloma and pratiloma ṃ in British India, 451–452; when ṃ final and irrevocable, 539; with deceased wife’s sister permissible, though forbidden in England till 1907, 501; with descendants of one’s pitr- bandhus and mātr̥bandhus, 474– 476; with maternal aunt’s daughter 467; with maternal uncle’s daughter, 458–463; with sagotra or sapravara girl, null and void, 437–438; with sister’s daughter practised by some brāhmaṇas in Karṇāṭaka, 467; without consent of guardian for, cannot be set aside if principal rites such as saptapadī have been performed, 503. Married Women’s Property Act (England) of 1882, 573–574. Marshall, Sir John, 218, 718, 724. Maruts, as eaters of ahuta, 824; myth that they stayed in the aśvattha tree, 825; names of, 825ṇ Marutta Avīkṣita, an Āyogava king, 43. Marutvatīya śāstra, in Mādhyandina- savana, 1190ṇ Mataṅga (same as caṇḍāla), 91. Materialism, Indian, 358–359n; Bṛhaspati as founder of, 359ṇ Maternal aunt’s daughter, marriage with, condemned by almost all writers on dharma, 467. Maternal uncle’s daughter, marriage with, supported by some on Vedic authority, 461–462; marriage with, practised among many sections of brāhmaṇas in Deocan and Karṇāṭaka, 462. Mathas (vide ‘Śaṅkarācāryas’), 906ff; origin of 908; appointment of head of, 909; heads of, were called Mohunt, 909; heads of, quarrel among themselves as to jurisdic- tion over ecclesiastical matters and as to property, 948–949; mathas served a purpose different from temples, 907; pratiṣṭhā of, 906; mathas probably owed their origin to the Buddhist vihāras, 907; mathas established by Śaṅkarā- cārya and his pupils, 907, 948; regulation of administration of, in medieval times, 910–913; supple- mentary to temples, 909. Matthew, Gospel of, 849, 975. Mātr̥datta, coṃ on Hiraṇyakośi- grhya-sūtra, 219n, 268n, 304n, 440. Mātr̥kapūjana, 217–218. Mātr̥s (mother goddesses) 733; number of, variously given, 217; worship of, 215, 217; worship of, at Mohenjo-daro, 218. Matronymio, names for males, 242, 252 Matsya, country of, 13, 328. Matsya-bandhaka, a caste, 90. Matsya purāṇa, 6n, 17, 61, 103, 114n, 116n, 148, 215, 217, 308n, 324, 380, 395n; has four hundred verses on mahādānas, 870; on gotras and pravvaras, 484. Mauryas, established images from greed of gold, 710. Mausala-parva, 72, 553, 626, 697, 923. Maxim : in conflict between smṛti texts, the rule accepted by the majority of smṛtis, is to be pre- ferred, 464; of atideśa, 469, 493; of factum valet, 503; of frog’s leap, 458; of umbrella-holders, 500– 501; sacred text may prescribe anything, though apparently im- possible, 525; purport of texts censuring anything is to enjoin the performance of the opposite, 581; texts should not be extended by analogy to cases not expressly enumerated, 469n; of cleaning the oup, explained, 589n; of same word not being taken in two sen- ses in the same context, 603. Max Müller, 202n, 326n, 847, 624n, 1119n; started theory that writing for literary purposes was unknown to Pāṇini, 347; suggested a tentative chronology for Vedic Litera-ture, 976. Mayurāśarman, brāhmaṇa founder of Kadamba family, 66, 123, 251. McKenzie, Dr. John, on Hindu Ethics, 3n, 776ṇ Measures: of area, 859n; of corn, such as kuḍava, prastha, āḍhaka &c, 786n, 881n; of weight such as kṛṣṇala, māṣa, 880ṇ Meda, an antyaja, 70, 92. Medhājānana, a rite, 233; name of verse in Ṛgveda, 231. Medhātithi, 3, 16, 56, 58, 60n, 63n, 79, 87, 88, 110n, 116, 150, 158, 205, 291, &c. Megasthenes: on castes, 50; on flesh-eating in India, 777; on Kalanos, 928; says that Indians employed no slaves, 183; says that Indians did not drink wine except in sacri-fices, 798. Meghadūta, 724. Men, killing themselves on the death of their kings, friends &c., 630. Menander, is the yavāna referred to by Patañjali, 384. Merudāna (vide under Parvatadāna), 882. Mihirakula, 723. Milk, 782-783; allowed and forbid-den, 782; of kapilā cow not to be used by śūdras and not even by brāhmaṇas except for gods, 783. Milton, on education, 266. Mīmāṁsā, Prabhākara school of, 355. Mīmāṁsaka, method of, in dealing with inconvenient texts, 460; position on caste being by birth only, 52ṇ Mīmāṁsā-vidyālaya of Poona, 980. Mīnds mantras, 1198. mitākṣarā, 3n, 10, 16, 53, 54, 56, 57, 70, 87, 94, 105n, 431, &o. H. D. 166
Mitramiśra, author of Saṁskārapra-kāśa, 201n, 265. Mlecchas: as a caste, 92; could accor-ding to Bhaviṣyapurāṇa worship images of Devī and clay images, 716n; country of, defined, 15, 383; eat cow’s flesh, according to Para-śara, 383; incurred no blame by selling their children, according to Kauṭilya, 508; inhabitants of countries where no system of varṇa and āśrama prevails are, 383; Jaimini holds that words had been borrowed into Sanskrit from language of, 383; known to Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 167; langu-age of, not to be studied, 383; not punishable if they sold their children: as slaves, according to Kauṭilya, 183; persons should not visit country of ṃ or perform śrāddha therein, 382; purification of women raped by, 575; touch of, on same level with that of cāṇ-ḍāla, 384. Modes of Vedic recitation, three, 1196ṇ Mohenjo-daro: excavations at, 218; phallic emblems at, 708, 736; seals excavated at, bear an undecipher-ed script, 348. Mokṣa, 422; depended on tyāga, 946; highest goal of man, 422; one should be intent on, after dis-charging debts to gods, manes and sages, 932; synonyms of, 422-423. Money-lending: at low rate of in-terest allowed to brāhmaṇas, 124; brāhmaṇa not to engage personal-ly in, but through servants or agents, 124; is a greater sin if usurious than even brāhmaṇa murder, 124; usurious, not allowed to brāhmaṇas even in distress, 124. Months: intercalary month called Saṁsarpa or Aṁhasaspati, 1178; twelve ancient names of, are Madhu, Mādhava &c. 820, 1178 twelve, associated with twelve names of Viṣṇu, 250. Moral values, emphasized in Mahābhārata in opposition to hirth, 101; highest importance attached to, by dharmaśāstra, 11; standard for judging, 7–8; Upaniṣads lay stress on, for the seeker after spiritual truth, 940. Mother: a thousand times superior to father in worth, 323; curse of, cannot be averted, 581; high eulogy of and reverence for, in all dharmaśāstra works, 580–581; never to be abandoned by son, though she be paṭitā, 580; put low in the order of guardians for a girl in marriage for certain reasons, 502; right of, to select a bridegroom for her daughter in preference to distant male relatives recognized by Indian Courts, 502; son’s duty to serve ṃ even when she is guilty of grave sins, 580; son not freed from debt to mother, except by performing Sautrāmaṇi sacrifice, 580. Mourning, period of, less for brāhmaṇas in ancient smṛtis, 153; period of, now ten days for all, 153. Mouse, mentioned as paśu (animal) of Rudra in Vāj. S., 213. Mṛcchakaṭikā, 76, 140n, 142, 155, 217, 927. Mṛtapa, 92; distinct from caṇḍāla, 92, 168; included among śūdras by Patañjali, 92, 168. Mudgala-purāṇa, 725. Mudrā (hand and finger poses), 320–321; in saṃdhyā, 320; in worship of Viṣṇu, 320; number of, varies, 320–321; practised in island of Bali, 321; when made, 320. Mūdrākṣasa, 265. Muhūrtas called Brāhma, 646; called Prājāpatya, 600; day divided into 30 muhūrtas in Śat. Br. 645; equal to two nāḍikās, 645n; names of
fifteen muhūrtas of day given in Tai. Br., 645. Mukerji, Dr. Rādhākumud, 69ṇ Muṇḍakopaniṣad, 5, 322, 323, 685, 969ṇ Muni, Indra is said in Ṛgveda to be friend of Munis, 419. Murdhāvasikta, 53; an anuloma caste, 53, 91. Mustard, seed thrown into fire for driving away evil spirits, 235. Mutihā, Viśvāmitra’s sons were cursed to he, 47. Mutrapurīṣotsarga, 649–651. Muzumdar, B. C., 738. Nabhāga, a king, married a vaiśya girl and so incurred sin, according to a purāṇa, 451. Nābhanediṣṭha, son of Manu, story of, 271. Nāciketa fire, 767ṇ Nāciketas, sought to know the destiny of man after death, 181. Nāḍi, consideration of, in marriage, 515. Nāgabali (offering to propitiate snakes), 824; for expiating sin of killing a snake and obviating obstacle to securing progeny, 824. Nāgas, figure frequently in the Mahābhārata, 823; names of seven, that support the earth, 823. Nāgeśabhaṭṭa, 381, 953. Naigama, meaning of, 68. Naimittika, dharma, 3. Nairs, of Malabar, had polyandry among them, 556. Naivedya (food offered to images of gods), distribution of, 733; what allowed and forbidden, 733. Nakṣatras: auspicious nakṣatras for marriage, 512–513; enumerated in Vedic Literature from Kṛttikā to Bharaṇī, 247n; male, 219n, 223; names derived from, important in Vedic sacrifices, 247; names given to people from, 246; names of some, different in Vedic times, 247n; presiding deities of, in Vedic Literature, 247n; twenty-eight mentioned in the Vedāṅgajyotiṣa, 247. Nala, name of, to be repeated in the morning, 648. Nālandā, University of, 369. Nāmakaraṇa (see under ‘names’), 196, 234, 238–254; name given at time of birth according to some sūtras, 234; several times for, 238. Namaskāra : consisting in bowing and folding one’s hands, 346; distinguished from abhivādana, 346; in devapūjā, 735–736; twelve namaskāras to the sun in modern times, 735–736; with eight limbs, 735. Nāmavyatiṣāñjanīya, homas, in Rājasuya, 1218. Names (see under ‘Nakṣatra’ and ‘Nāmakaraṇa’) : additions like śarman, 251; abhivādanīya, 246n, 285; derived from mother’s name, 242; derived from gotra, 247; derived from nakṣatras, 240n, 249; derived from names of months, 249–250; derived from sages, deities or ancestors, 245; four or more, 246n, 249; in Mahābhāṣya, 245; more than one given for prosperity, 240; may be same as father’s ancestor, 245; of girls how given, 250; one man given several in Ṛgveda, 240; Pāṇini’s rules for names from nakṣatras, 248; rules of gṛhyasūtras for giving names to persons, 243–248; rules of Manu for ṇ simple, 250–251; secret, given by the parents either at birth or on 12th day, 246; secret, given to persons in the Ṛgveda, 240–241; short forms of, 244n; three names of same person, examples of 241; usually two ṇ given to a person in Vedic works, 242; whose names are not to be taken out of respect for them 334. Nammāḷvār, 177. Namūci, was killed by Indra at dawn with foam, 718–719. Nandas: after them there will be no kṣatriya kings, according to some purāṇas, 121n; angered Cāṇakya, 265. Nandikeśvara, addressed as Dharma in Gosahasra mahādāna, 874; as vehicle of Śiva, 876. Nāndīpurāṇa, on hospitals, 885. Nāndīśrāddha, a necessary preliminary in Upanayana and other saṁskāras, 286. Nāpita, 85; two varieties of 85. Nārada, 39n, 55, 56, 59, 61, 68, 70,71, 75, 86, 92, 94, 119, 124, 128, 184, 331 &c. ; condemns learning Veda from books, 348, 349n; on defects of girls as brides, 433; on guardians of a girl for marriage, 502; on kinds of slaves, 184; on the apprentice system, 365; on fourteen classes of impotent persons, 431. Nāradīya-purāṇa, 395, 451n, 928n, 929ṇ Nāradīya-śikṣā, 1170, 1173. Nāraśaṁsī gāthās, 353, 354n, 701ṇ Narasiṁha-purāṇa (vide under Nṛsiṁha-purāṇa). Nārāyaṇa (Viṣṇu), mantra of 25, letters of, 320. Nārāyaṇa, coṃ of Āśv. gṛ. and other works, 211n, 219, 221, 231n, 260, 262, 304n, 307, 326n, 403, 404, 409n, 410n &c. Nārāyaṇa, coṃ on Śvetāśvatara Up., 421n; coṃ on Kālāgnirudra Up., 674ṇ Nārīṣṭha homas and mantras, 1081–1082. Nartaka, 85; distinguished from Naṭa by Bṛhaspati, 85. Nasik, cave inscriptions, 73, 113n, 252, 414ṇ Nāstika, condemned as a patita, 359; derived by Pāṇini, 359n; unfit to be a witness, 359ṇ Nāstikya, condemned by Manu, 358; history of, 358, 359ṇ Naṭa (dancer), 84–85; an antyaja, 70; distinguished from śailūṣa 84. Najasūtra, composed by Sīlālin and another by Kṛṣṇa, 84. Native Converts Marriage Dissolution Act (of 1866), 621. Negroes, discrimination against in America, 165. Nejamesa name of a khilasūkta, 222. Nibandha, a periodic payment, translated as oorrody, 860ṇ Nicchivi, a caste, 85; probably a mis-reading for Licohavi, 85. Nidhana, of the nine horses of Bahiṣpavamāna, 1170; the finale of a Sāman, 1169; repeated thrice in avabhr̥thasāman, 1199; was not fixed in many cases, but could be changed at the desire of yajamāna, 1169ṇ Nigada, distinguished from yajus, 984; what is, 983–984. Nīlakaṇṭha, coṃ of Mahābhārata, 70, 92, 556, 825ṇ Nīlakaṇṭha, author of Saṁskāramayūkha, 201ṇ Nirṇayana (same as Niṣkramaṇa) 196. Nirṇayasindhu, 176, 198, 199, 249, 259n, 260, 277, 298n, 446n, 452n, 453n, 455n, &c. Nirṇejaka (vide ‘caila-nirṇejaka’) 82. Nirūḍhapaśubandha, see Paśubandha Nirnukta, 13, 26n, 31n, 32n, 55, 86, 107, 235, 255, 323n, 330, 357, 435, 478 &c. Niṣāda (see under ‘parādava’) 53, 86–87; an anuloma caste, 53, 86. Niṣāda-sthapati, 46; could perform an iṣṭi to Rudra according to Vedic texts and sūtras, 46; offered oaru of Gavedhukacorn, 46; Satyagraha holds that he can perform Agnihotra and Darśapūrṇamāsa, 46. Niṣeka, a saṁskāra, 195; same as Garbhādhāna, 195. Niṣkramaṇa, a saṁskāra, 196, 255–256; same as Upaniskramaṇa. Nityācārapaddhati, 172, 237, 259, 320, 559, 648, 681n, 729n, 730n, 734ṇ Nityācārapradīpa, 672ṇ Nivartana, a measure of land, defined, 859ṇ Niyoga (appointment of widow to raise issue), 599–607; allowed by Gautama and some smṛtis, 599–602; condemned by Āpastamba and Manu, 599–602; breach of the restrictions of niyoga, was held to be sinful and would invite punish-ment from king, 601; conflict of views about to whom the child of niyoga belonged, 605; Mahābhārata is full of examples of, 603–604; restrictions under which niyoga was allowed, 601; several views about, 604; smṛti texts about, refer to śūdras according to some, 604; widows of kṣatriyas allowed to raise issue from brāhmaṇas, 603–604. Nose-ring, began to be worn by women about 1000 A. D., 537; not mentioned in sūtras, smṛtis and even in early digests, 537. Nṛsimhapuraṇa, 395, 643, 655, 656, 663, 714, 715n, 720, 729n, 730, 900 &c. Nṛyajña (see under Manuṣyayajña). Nṛyāsa, 319–320; in Devapūjā, 739; meanings of, 319; of sacred Vedic verses on one’s limbs, 319; supposed to be non-Vedic, 319; three kinds of, 900. Nyāyasūtra, 423. Oceans, seven, 877. Oḍra, 74; Manu’s views about, 47. Offerings, method of making, 211. Officers, grades of, each lower grade reporting to the higher, 868; royal, named ājñā, dutaka &o., 861. Oldenberg, 810, 825ṇ Om: ascetic should meditate on, 957; eulogy of, 301–302; is the root of Veda, 957; looked upon as very sacred as a symbol of the Supreme Being, 301; to be uttered when beginning Veda study everyday and at end of Veda lesson, 301, 327. Oman, J. C. 975ṇ Ordeal, trial by, did not ordinarily apply to women, 596. Pada text, of the Veda, 347; due to Śākalya, 348ṇ Padmapurāṇa, 661, 724, 771, 880. Pahļavas, 87; Manu on, 47. Paiśāca: form of marriage is the basest and most sinful of all forms, 517; recognition of paiśāca and rākṣasa does not mean that smṛti legalised marriage by cap- ture or stealth, 520. Paithīnasi, 17, 335, 393, 456, 627, 761n, 913. Pakayajñas: are saṁskāras according to Gautama, 194; seven, according to Gautama, 194, 819. Palāśa-karma, in Upanayana, 306. Palasulā (a Marathi word), a modern rite, 306. Palļavas, of Kāñcī, were of Bhara-dvājagotra, 494. Pañcadaśī, a work on Vedānta, 391. Pañcagavya, 773–774; as prāyaścitta 774; as purification, 773; ingredients of, 773; is called brahma- kurca, 774; śūdras and women could take pañcagavya but with- out mantras, 774; Vedic verses to be recited when preparing, 773; vessel for 774. Pañcāgnividyā, not known to brāh- maṇas till Pravāhaṇa taught it to Gautama, 106ṇ Pañcajanāḥ, meaning of, 32ṇ Pañcamas, untouchable, 168. Pañcalāṅgala, a mahādāna, 875–876; performed by Devarāya II of Vijayanagara, 870. Pañcarātra: Kapila, 212n; p. texts condemn tripuṇḍra mark, 673; texts enjoin marking body with the conch, wheel and other weapons of Viṣṇu, 673. Pañcavattins, 528; cannot inter- marry, 490; descendants of Jama- dagni are, 528n, 1003n; meaning of, 1003n, 1060, 1061n; Vatsas, Bidas and Arṣṭişeṇas are styled, 490, 1003ṇ Pañcavaṭīya, a rite in Rājasūya, 1215. Pañcavidha-sūtra, 1169n, 1170. Pañcāyatana, worship of, 716–717. Pañcīkaraṇa, doctrine of, in Vedān- ta, 961ṇ Pañcīkaraṇa, a work of Śaṁkarā- cārya, 961ṇ Pāṇḍavas: five had one wife Drau- padī, 554; paid highest honour to Kunti, their mother, 581; supposed by some to be non-Aryan, 554. Panditrao (minister in Shivaji's council); jurisdiction of, 972; sent doubtful cases of dharma for decision to learned brāhmaṇas of Wai, Nasik or Karad, 972, 973. Pāṇḍu, is said to have told Kuntī to resort to niyoga, 604. Pāṇḍusopāka, a caste, 87. Pāṇini, 45n, 52, 55, 67, 71, 75, 78, 83, 84, 91, 93, 122n, 168, 225n, 243n &c.; his mother was Dākṣī, 252; not later than at least 300 B. C., 422; was called Śālāturiya, 252ṇ Pāṇinīya-śikṣā, 347. Paṅkti (row of diners): devices for breaking continuity of, 767; one in paṅkti should not take ācamana before others or should not get up 766–767; one should not sit in same paṅkti with undeserving per- sons, 767; persons of different castes may sit in one if separated by streaks of ashes, 767; persons in one paṅkti not to touch one another, 769; persons who sanctify paṅkti, 767–768; persons who defile paṅkti by their presence, 767–768; same food must be served to all in same paṅkti, 768. Pāṅktipāvana (sanctifying company or row of diners), 767-768. Parādas, Manu on, 47. Paramahaṃsas: are either vidvat or vividiṣu, 941; Dattātreya describ- ed as, 726; state of, described by Jābālopaniṣad, 941. Parāśara, smṛti of, 80, 82, 85, 126, 133, 134, 161, 189, 304, 381, 444, 571n, 631n, 646, 648 &c. Parāśara-Mādhavīya, 2n, 6n, 53, 58, 59, 66, 76, 78, 81, 85, 101n, 176, 189n, 289n, &c. Parāśarya, 422. Parāśava, 86; distinguished from brāhmaṇa from śūdra wife was called, 448. Parāśikan, practice of marrying the mother among, 555. Parāśara-gṛhya-sūtra, 196, 197, 203, 208, 219, 220, 234, 235, 251, 255, 263, 268, 275, 278, 282n, 300, 441, 448, 532, 533 &c. Parāśara-gṛhya-pariśiṣṭa, 891. Paraśurāma, extirpated kṣatriyas, 98, 380, 381n, 604. Parents (see 'father'): absolute power of, to give, sell or abandon their child, 507. Pargiter, 862. Paribhāṣā-prakāśa, 14n, 17, 18ṇ Paridhi (encircling woodstick): de- scribed, 1014n; placing three paridhis round śravaṇīya with mantras, 1044-1045. Parījāta, a work, 267. Parīplava, narrative of, in Rājasūya, 1231-1233. Pariṣad (assembly of learned men), see under 'śiṣṭa'; discussed intri- cate questions of conduct in times of Tāi. Up. 266; duty of, to declare appropriate expiations, 970; is not constituted by thousands of ignorant people in doubtful mat- ters of dharma, 969; must be con- stituted of śiṣṭas, 971; must work with king in the matter of grave sins, 970; number of persons re- quired to constitute, 966, 968-969; qualifications of members of, 968; single person being the best of ascetics and knowing the Veda may in exceptional cases consti- tute p. 969; to administer penance to brahmacārin guilty of sexual intercourse, 967; to prescribe appropriate expiation for lapses, 968; was acknowledged authority for hundreds of years before Śaṅ- karācārya in doubtful points of dharma, 968. Parisāṁkhya, 780. Parivedana (marrying before an elder brother or sister), 546-549; elder brother or sister before whom a younger one married also in- curred sin, 547; enumerated among upapātakas by Viṣṇu Dh. S, 548; one kindling sacred fires or performing a Vedic sacrifice be- fore his elder brother was also condemned, 547; prāyaścitta for, 547; severely condemned as a great sin in vedic and sūtra litera- ture, 546, 549; when not sinful or condemned, 548. Pariyātra, mountain, 13. Pārtha, homas in Rājasūya, 1217. Paruṣṇī, river in Ṛg, 12. Parvaṇa homa in Darśa-pūrṇamāsa, 1081. Parvaṇa-sthalīpāka, 819-820; one of the seven pākayajñas, 819. Parvatadānas, 882; are gifts of heaps of corn, salt, jaggery, sesame &c., 882; ten kinds of twelve, 882. Paryaṅka-śauca, 961-962; purifica- tion of saṁnyāsin by, 961-62. Paśubandha (immolation of animal in sacrifice), 1109-1131; (see under yūpa, vedi, Āprī); āhava- nīya is the fire on the nābhi of the uttaravedi, 1113; animal is meant for Indra, Agni or Sūrya or Prajā- pati, 1117; animal sacrifice in soma-yāga is called Sanmika paśu, 1109; animal sacrifice performed independently and also as an aṅga of soma sacrifices, 1109; animal (he-goat) to be bathed and touch-ed with kuśa blades and plakṣa branch, 1116; animal's right fore-leg and right horn to be bound with a girdle of two strands, 1116-1117; encircling yūpa with a girdle (rasanā), 1115; havis is offered to Manota, 1128; heart of victim is roasted on śamitra fire with a pike, 1127; hotṛ recites the Adhrigup-raiṣa before victim is killed, 1121; how animal is killed, 1122; in-dependent animal sacrifice is to be performed every six months or once a year, 1109; inserting svaru in the coils of the girdle of the yūpa, 1115; limbs of paśu cut off for puroḍāśa, 1126-1127; limbs of paśu except heart are cooked in an ukhā, 1127; making of yūpa 1110-1112; occupies two days, 1112; offering of prayājas in 1117-1119; omentum of paśu is offered in Śhavanīya, 1125; plant-ing of yūpa in a pit on the borders of Vedi, 1114; preparation of Vedi in, 1112; sacrificer's wife washes with water from a jar several limbs of the animal, 1123; śamitra fire established to north of cāt-vāla pit, 1120; śamitra fire employ-ed for roasting flesh of victim, 1120n; six priests required in (including maitrāvaruṇa ), 1109; staff handed over to maitrāvaruṇa who stands to south of hotṛ's seat resting staff on vedi and utters directions to hotṛ to repeat yājyās 1110; tail of victim employed as offering in Patnīsaṁyājas, 1127, 1130; upayāga offerings of entrails of the victim after the eleven anuyāja offerings, 1129-1130; vapā, puroḍāśa and havis are the three pradanās in paśubandha, 1125; verses from Āprī hymns used for prayājas, 1118 and n; views differ as to the limbs of the victim that are cut off for being used as avadānas, 1126. Paśupatas, condemn ūrdhva-puṇḍra mark, 673; refutation of doctrines of, in Vedānta Sūtra, 736; touch of, condemned, 169, 665. Pāṭaliputra (modern Patna); śāstra-kāras like Pāṇini were examined at, 369. Patañjali (see under Mahābhāṣya), 7n, 14, 71, 72, 83, 122n, 168, 736ff &o. Paternal aunt's daughter, marriage with, condemned by most writers on dharma, 467. Patitāsaṁvitarka (those whose upa-nayana is not performed and who had no instruction in Gāyatrī mantra), 376-379; being a, is only an upapātaka, 378; consequence of being a, 376-377; for several generations, 378-379; various prāyaścittas and modes for re-claiming, 377. Patīvratā (chaste wife), 565-568; approved conduct for, 565, 567; hyperbolical descriptions of the power of, 567ff. Patnī, who is a, 558. Patnīsaṁyājas, are four offerings to Soma, Tvaṣṭṛ, wives of gods and Agni Gṛhapati, 1076n; procedure of, 1076-1077. Patria potestas, 507. Paul, St., 10, 438n, 562ṇ Paulkasa, 44; a filthy caste, accord-ing to Vāj. S., 44. Paṇḍarīka, sacrifice in which the dakṣiṇā was a thousand horses, 839. Paundrakas, Manu's view about, 47; same as Puṇḍrakas, 89. Pauṣṭika, 102. Pāvamānī, verses, purify a man, 317n, 378n, 686. Pavitra (loop or ring), 211n, 1016, 1021n; how made, 657; of darbhas to be worn on ring finger in religious rites, 657. Pavitra, a soma sacrifice performed at beginning of Rājasūya, 1215. Payaśyā (same as āmikṣā), 1092ṇ Pedandas, repeat yajñopavītamantra in island of Bali, 284ṇ Persecution: religious persecution in India very little, 723-724. Pesbwas, in Poona, distributed dakṣiṇā to learned men, 361; made sale of girls in marriage punishable, 506-507. Phālguni, constellation of, presided over by Indra, 241. Phallic, emblems, 708. Philosophy of Upaniṣads, inculcates One Self, 7; summum bonum of Indian, is mokṣa, 422. Piṇḍapitṛyajña, 1085-1090; all actions are done facing south-east in, 1086; balls of rice are offered to three male ancestors, 1088; caru (boiled rice) is cooked on dakṣiṇāgni in, 1086; disposal of piṇḍas in water or fire &c., 1090; one not an āhitāgni could offer piṇḍas in gṛhya fire, 1090; paitras required in, placed to north-east or north-west of dakṣiṇāgni, 1086; performed on amāvāsyā in the afternoon, 1086; procedure of, 1086-1090; views differed whether it is independent rite or only a subordinate part of darśa sacrifice, 1085-1086; views of teachers differed as to offering of piṇḍas when any ancestor out of three was living, 1088; wife to eat the middle piṇḍa, 1089. Piṅgala, a caste, 88. Pitāmaha, 647, 939. Pitṛtarpaṇa, 692-693; the ancestors and relatives to whom water was offered in, 692. Pitṛyajña, daily, 748; śrāddha, tarpaṇa and bali in balīharaṇa constitute singly or collectively, 700, 748.
Planets (see grabadās22): fuel sticks of different trees for different planets, 884; food on which brāhmaṇas are to be fed to propitiate, 884; gifts to propitiate 883; material of the images of, 726, 884; nine, 883; welfare of kings supposed to depend upon rites for, 883; worship of the images or pictures of 726. Plants, Mahābhārata bigbly eulogises plant life, 894; six kinds of, 894-895. Plato, 139. Plava, a caste, 102. Pluta, letter shown by figure 3 placed after it, 1027n, 1051n; meaning of, 340. Poetesses, in ancient India, 367. Pole star, to be seen by bride in marriage, 530, 535. Pollock and Maitland, 142. Polyandry, 554-556; example of Draupadi, 554-555; prevailed among Nairs in Malabar, 556; prevalent even now among certain people in Kumaon and Garhwal, 556; unheard of, in Vedic literature, 554. Polygamy, 550-554; allowed if first wife bears no sons, 552; common view was that a person could marry several wives if he provided maintenance and strīdhana, 552; is not very common even in modern times, 553; many wives believed to be a form of prosperity, 551; not confined to kings and nobles, 551; prohibited by some sages, except under very exceptional circumstances, 551; Vedic literature is full of references to, 550. Poor Law, none in India, 4n, 755. Pope, claimed power to distribute territories among kings, 138; Bull of, 138. Porcupine, quill of, auspicious, even in Tai. Br. 222ṇ Portents, images trembling and shedding tears believed to be terrible, 710. Prabhākara, writer on Pūrva-mīmāṁsā, 349ṇ Prabhākaravardhana, on whose death many of his friends, ministers and servants killed themselves, 630. Pracetas, smṛti of, 236, 278n, 584, 594n, 761ṇ Pragātha, consists of two verses, 1190n; when called Bārhata, 1190n; when called Kākubha, 1190ṇ Prajāpati, smṛti of, 645, 852, 939. Prajāpati (Creator), all offerings to, are made silently, 1004n; as a boar raised the earth, 718; became a tortoise, 718; presiding deity of human beings in case of gifts, 855; word P. occurring in a formula is uttered inaudibly, 1051n, 1062ṇ Prajāpatya, penance of, 200, 377n, 638. Prajāpatya, form of marriage, 517, 519. Prajāpatya (muhūrta), 600. Prakrama, 989ṇ Prākṛta, languages, probably derived from prakṛti, 70. Prakṛtis, eighteen, 70; seven castes of antyajas are so called by Pitāmaha, 70. Pranava, syllable 'om' is so called, 301. Prāṇāyāma, 317; three stages in, 317. Praṇīta, water, 208, 984, 1022; principal purpose of, in darśa-pūrṇamāsa, 1023 Prāśitra, for brahmā priest, how cut, 1064. Praśna-Upaniṣad, 329, 422, 481. Pratiloma, 52; all pratilomas are outside wedlock, according to Kullūka, 53; castes treated like śūdras, 53; children of pratiloma marriages lower in caste than both parents, 56; entitled to perform vratas &c., 53; primary and second-
dark pratiloma castes, 57-58; subject to rules of morality, 53. Pratinidhi (substitute), when not allowed, 684. Pratipād, consists of three verses, 1190ṇ Pratiṣṭhānamāyūkba of Nīlakaṇṭha, 892. Pratiṣṭhā and Utsarga (vide under Pūrta), 889-916; dedicatior to the public of a charitable object could make use of it, 893; four stages in procedure of pratiṣṭhā, 893; procedure of dedicating a well or a tank, 890-892; procedure prescribed in purāṇas preferred in medieval times, 892; proper time for, 891; punaḥpratiṣṭhā (recone-secration of images), 904-905. Pratyabhivāda (returning a salutation), importance of, 341-342; rules about, 339ff. Pratyāvarohaṇa, a rite performed to signalize the giving up of the use of cots for sleeping, 829. Pratyutthāna (honouring by rising from seat), 339; one need not rise to receive a brāhmaṇa who has not studied the Veda, unless he is old, 339; rules about, 336-339. Prauga Śastra, contents of, 1185-1186. Pravāhaṇa Jaivali, expounded philosophy to Śvetaketu, 106, 247. Pravara, 264, 482ff; Baudhāyana's Pravarādhyāya best on, 483; connection between pravara and gotra 497; conception of, interwoven with that of gotras, 482; defined by some as group of sages distinguishing the founder of one gotra from another, 486; entered into several domestic ceremonies and practices, 482-483; great confusion on, in the sūtras, 483; invocation of pravara sages of the yajamāna in darśapūrṇamāsa by hotṛ, 1049-1050; invocation of the pravara sages of the yaja- māna in darśapūrṇamāsa by adhvaryu, 1055; meaning of 482; of family priest employed in Vedic sacrifices for kṣatriyas and vaiśyas, 488, 493–494; of vaiśyas, 494–495; purpose of pronouncing the pravara in sacrifices, 488; rules for him who did not know his own, 495; sameness of, meaning of, 491, synonyms of, 482; system of goes back to the Ṛgveda, 486–487; two methods of mentioning pravara sages, 487–488, 1055ṇ
Pravaramañjarī, a work on pravaras, 483, 489ṇ
Pravara-mantra, 487, 1050.
Pravargya, 1147–1151; an awful and mystic affair, 1149n; an earthen-ware vessel called Mahāvīra prepared in, 1148; an independent rite and not a modification, 1148; clay for mahāvīra how prepared, 1149; gharma, the pot of heated milk, was called saṁrāṭ and identified with the sun, 1148; doctrine of, was called Madhu, 1149n; hot milk in mahāvīra vessel deemed to be divine life and light, 1148; hot water alone to be used in, wherever required, 1149n; performed at least three days twice daily in somayāga, 1147; procedure of, 1148ff; śūdra or woman not to look at the rite of 1149; supposed to provide sacrificer with a new celestial body, 1147; two sets of 21 verses repeated by hotṛ when mahāvīra is being heated and cow is milked, 1150; udvāsana (dis-charge) of pravargya, 1150.
Prayāga: drowning oneself at, supposed to lead to mokṣa, 925; king Gāṅgeya obtained release with his one hundred wives near banyan tree of, 925.
Prayājās: are five offerings in darśa-pūrṇamāsa introductory to the principal offerings, 1057n; deity of and depended on gotra, 482, 1058; deities of, according to
Nirukta, 1057n; procedure of, in darśapūrṇamāsa, 1057ff.
Prāyaścittas: are prescribed even for the greatest sins, 387; for abandoning a blameless wife, 551; for asat-pratigraha, 885; for drinking surā or other intoxicants, 798; for sale of forbidden commodities, 128; for merely resolving to commit suicide, 924; none possible for intentionally killing a brāhmaṇa, according to Manu, 148; on under-going, sinners were to be welcomed and restored to all privileges, 387.
Prāyaścittatattva of Raghunandana, 881.
Prāyaścittaviveka, of Śūlapāṇi, 390ṇ
Priests: brāhmaṇas as temple priests were looked down upon, 109; in all temples are not invariably brāhmaṇas, 109; madhuparka offered to, in a yajña, 543; sixteen required in some sacrifices, 981ṇ
Professions: that had become or were becoming castes in the Vedic period, 19; in times of Ṛgveda and other Vedic works, 43–45.
Promiscuity: Mahābhārata on, 427–428; no evidence for promiscuity of sexual relations in ancient Sanskrit literature, except one passage in the Mahābhārata, 427–428.
Pṛṣṭaka, a rite on full moon of Āśvina, 827.
Pṛthyā śadaha: how constituted, 1213n; distinction from Abhiplava śadaha, 1213ṇ
Pṛthu, called Ādirāja (first king), 496, 1217n; story of, 496.
Pūjāprakāśa, a work, 320, 713, 714, 715n, 716n, 727n, 729, 732, 733, 735n &c.
Pulastya, 797.
Pulinda, 88; Viśvāmitra’s sons were cursed to be wild tribes on the Himālayas, 88. Pulkaśa (or Paulkasa), 88–89. Puḷumayi, described as Vāsiṣṭhiputra, 252. Pumṣavana, 218–220; a saṁskāra, 196; procedure of, 218; time for, 218. Punārādheya, 997–998; grounds for, 997; procedure of, 998. Punarbbhu, 608–610; seven kinds of, 609–610. Punarupanayana, 392–393; occasions for, 392. Puṇḍras, non-Āryan tribe, 88; Viśvāmitra’s sons were cursed to be, 47. Puṇyāhavacana, 216–217; originally a simple ceremony, 216. purāṇas, 66, 121n; bold the view that there will be no kṣatriya kings after Nanda, 121n, 380. Purda system, 596–598; none in ancient and medieval India except for ladies of high birth or when visiting royal court or public assembly hall, 598. Purohita, 40; ecclesiastical matters left by kings to, 363; even gods had, 40; half the soul of the king, 40, 363; importance of, to king, 40, 363; qualifications of, 363. Puruṇuvākya (invitatory prayer) 1059–1060. Puroruc verses, 1185ṇ Pūrta, defined, 844; reward of pūrta works is higher than sacrifices, 890; women and śūdras were entitled to perform pūrtadharma, 889. Pūru, youngest son of Yayāti and crowned king, 923. Puruṣa, 39. Puruṣamedha, in Tai. Br., 43. Puruṣārthas, four, 8; preference among them, 8–9. Puruṣasūkta, 27, 33, 315; does not employ the word varṇa, 27; nyūsa with verses of, 315; repeated at time of bathing, 661–662. Puruṣottama, commentator of Saṁnyāsanirṇaya of Vallabha, 949ṇ Pūrvamīmāṁsā-sūtra (vide under Jaimini), 45, 46, 289, 367, 437, 558, 559, 839. Puṣkara, an antyaja, 89. Puṣpadba, same as avantya, 89. Puṣyamitra: Agnimitra, son of, married a kṣatriya princess, 450; a brāhmaṇa commander-in-chief of the Mauryas, 123, 450; founded a royal dynasty, 123, 248, 978; performed Rājasūya or Aśvamedha, 978. Pūtika plant, substitute for soma 1203. Putrikā (daughter appointed as son), 485–486. Qualities, to be cultivated by all irrespoctive of caste, 10. Rāghavabhaṭṭa, commentator of Śāradātilaka, 900ṇ Raghunandana, 198, 201n, 294, 344, 451, 472, 634, 643; charge of manipulating Ṛg. X. 18.7 brought against him not sustainable, 634; was styled Smāṛtabhaṭṭācārya, 634. Raghuvamśa, 116n, 266, 296, 355, 362, 381, 521, 524, 529n, 579n, 590, 628n, 687 &o. Raghu Vīra, Dr., 1220ṇ Rābasya Malimluc, killed Vaikhānasas, 418. Rāhu, and the Sun brought together in the Atharvaveda, 770. Rājadharmakaustubha, 892, 900. Rājamārtaṇḍa, 513. Rājaka (washerman), an antyaja, 70, 93; sometimes distinguished from nirṇejaka, 82; included under śūdra by Patañjali, 93; liable to pay his wife’s debts, 93. Rājanya, occurs in the Ṛgveda only in Puruṣasūkta, 31. Rāja Rādhakanta Deva, 625ṇ Rājaśekhara, author of Sūktimuktāvalī, an anthology, 367; author of Kāvyamīmāṁsa, 369; author of Karpūramañjarī, 450. Rājāsūya, a very complex rite extending over two years, 1214; could be performed only by kṣatriyas, 153, 1214; derivation of, 1214n; procedure of, 1215-1222; dice-play in 1219; fees in, 1221. Rājasvalā, conduct and rules prescribed for, 803-805. Rājataraṅgiṇī, 75, 82, 629, 630, 716, 863, 903, 908, 909, 927, 952. Rājputs, infanticide among, 509; jauhar of ladies of, 629. Rajvade, Prof., 436ṇ Rajvade, Mr. V. K., 948n, 970, 971n, 973. Rākā, Sinīvalī and Kuhu, offerings to, 1077. Rākṣasa: form of marriage, 517, 519; Indrarāja, a Rākṣasa king married by r. form the daughter of a Cālukya king, 522; Pṛthvīrāja Cohan married the daughter of Jayacandra of Kanoj by rākṣasa form, 522-523. Rākṣoghna mantras, 835. Rāma: killed Tāṭakā, 594; performed, after abandoning his wife Sītā, sacrifices with a golden image of Sītā by his side, 558, 684. Ramaka, 94. Rāmārcana-candrikā, 675. Rāmāyaṇa, 87, 109, 119, 395, 445, 510n, 511, 513, 551n, 558n, 562, 578, 594, 627, 641, 720, 733, 1145n, 1238. Ranade, Mr. Justice, 379ṇ Rāngāvatīrī, a caste, 93. Rañjaka, 94. Rāṣṭrabhṛt, mantras, 253ṇ Rathakāra, a caste, 94; allowed to consecrate Vedic fires, 45; held by Jaiminī not to belong to the three higher varṇas, 45; gradually lost his status, 94; is the caste called Saudhanvanas 45; not entitled to upanayana, according to Viśvarūpa, 46; offspring of a māhiṣya male and karaṇā female, 57; upanayana of, to be performed in the rains, 94. Rathantara sāman, 396n, 1184; verses of, 1184. Ratnadhenu, a mahādāna, 877. Ratnakaraṇḍa-śrāvakācāra of Samantabhadra 927. Ratnas (jewels) of king, certain functionaries as, 43, 1216ṇ Ṛbhus: are three, Ṛbhu, Vibhva and Vaja, 1193n; connected with third pressing of soma, 1193n; said to have been mortals, but were made immortal by Prajāpati, 1193ṇ Remarriage, 608-619; allowed among śūdras and some castes by custom, 615; historic example of 615; of girl whose marriage was not consummated when husband died, allowed by Manu, 612; prohibited for centuries among brāhmaṇas and some other castes, 615; śutras silent about, 615; the Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 616; was not prohibited in the time of the Atharvaveda, 615; when allowed by Nārada, 611. Reservoirs, of water, divided into four kinds, 893. Ṛgveda, 4, 12, 25, 241, 242, 253, 254, 257, 261, 264, 268, 269, &c.; no infanticide in, 509. Ṛgveda-Prātiśākhya, 326n, 1172n, 1196ṇ Ṛgvidhāna, a work, 618, 619, 647, 715n, 729ṇ Rhys Davids, 183ṇ Rice, on 'Mysore and Coorg from Inscriptions', 388ṇ Risley, 72. Rites: preliminaries, common to all, in modern times, 212; to be performed according to ritual of one's Vedic śākhā, 328; when the ritual of another śākhā may be followed, 328. River, invoked in Sīmantonnayana, 224-225. Rivers, mentioned in Ṛgveda, 12. Rivers, on marriage of cousins, 477. Rīrāśva, story of, 507. Ṛkprātiśākhya (see Ṛgvedaprāti- śākhya). Road, public, not polluted by being trodden by Caṇḍālas, 174; use of public, by untouchables, restricted in South India, 175. Roman Catholic Church: forbids divorce, 622; privileges of clergy in, 145-146. Romika, a caste, 102. Rope trick, 85. Rosary: number of beads in, 687; used in japa 687; of rudrākṣas for devotees of Śiva, 738. Ṛṣyaśṛṅga, 291. Ṛta, sublime conception of, 5. Ṛtusaṁgamana, 195, 203; same as Niṣeka, 195. Rudra: Ambikā as sister of, 213n; described as Supreme Deity in Ṛgveda, 736; mouse said to be paśu of, 213; presiding deity of Ārdrā nakṣatra, 831n; presiding deity of cows when donated, 355; sublime eulogy of, in Tai. S., 736; twelve names of, in Aév. gr. 736; worshipped as supreme deity in Śūlagava, 736. Rudradāman, Junagad inscription of, 248, 384, 775. Rudradatta, coṃ on Āpastamba- śrauta-sūtra, 1008n, 1085ṇ Rudraskanda, commentator of Khādiragṛhya, 191ṇ Rule of the road: favoured brāhmaṇas, 146 147; preference as to, 146-147. Rules: for which there are dṛṣṭa (seen) or easily perceptible reasons are only recommendatory, 437; for which there are no perceptible reasons are mandatory and breach makes the thing done nugatory, 437. Rūpanārāyaṇa, 198.
Śābara: author of Bhāṣya on Pūrva- mīmāṁsā, 17, 29n, 34n, 182, 190, 269n, 275n, 350, 357, 367n, 383n, 469n, 482, 507n, 525, 533, 557, 560, 581, 632n, 677, 714, 766, 793, 803, 866, 889, 910, 1009n, 1019, 1145n, 1183n, 1207n, 1214n, 1226n, 1241. Śābaras, 96; Viśvāmitra's sons were cursed to be, 47. Śabbaparva, 72, 74, 79, 82, 427n, 439, 598, 780, 830n &c. Sabhya (fire), 679, 989n; some held that it was not to be established at all, 989ṇ Sacrifices: animals killed in were deemed to go to heaven, 781; divi- sions of, into iṣṭi, paśu, soma, 1133; offering a samidh or a namaskāra held to be equal to, even in Ṛg- veda, 677; Vedic, to be performed only by him who knows the portion of Veda necessary for them, 352; Vedic, who are entitled to perform, 157; wife had only a subordinate part in, 558; wife performed cer- tain specified acts only in, 558. Sadānīrā, river, 12. Sadasya, 17th priest, according to some, in soma sacrifices, 981ṇ Ṣaḍ-darśana-samuccaya, of Hari- bhadra, 359ṇ Ṣaḍ-dhotṛ mantras, 1193. Ṣadguruśiṣya, 260. Sādhanā-mālā, 319ṇ Sādhāraṇa-dharma, meaning of, 3; qualities comprehended in, 11. Śagotṛa, 478ff; relationship both wider and narrower than sapiṇḍa relationship, 499; occurs in Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa, 480; prohibition of marriage on the ground of, 437, 438, 497. Sahyādrikhaṇḍa, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 88, 99, 103ṇ Sahodha, caste, of, 54. Saīkha, same as Avantya, 96. Śailūṣa, a caste, 96-97. Sairandhrī (Draupadī), was ordered to be burnt with Kīcaka, 626. Sairindhra, 99. Śaivas, following vaidika cult or Tantrika cult or both, 675; sects of, mentioned in Kūrmapurāṇa, 737; touch of, condemned, 169. Śakadvīpa, 722ṇ Śakadvīpi brāhmaṇas, 722ṇ Śakala, 714ṇ Śakalya, author of the pada text of the Ṛgveda, 348ṇ Śakas (vide under ‘yavana’), 96; Manu on, 47; inscriptions of king Dāmijaḍa of, 251. Śākamedha, third parvan of cāturmāsyas, 1100-1105; four prayājas (omitting barhis) and four anuyājas, 1102; last rite in śākamedha is Traiyambaka homa, 1103-1104; mahāhavis of eight offerings to eight deities, 1101; mahāpitṛyajña performed on a vedi to the south of Dakṣiṇāgni, 1101-1102; many rites included in this, 1100; performed four months after Varuṇapraghāsa on full moon day of Kārtika or Mārgaśīrṣa, 1100; procedure of, 1101; requires two days for performance, 1100. Śaketa, besieged by Yavana in Patañjali’s time, 384. Śākbararaṇa, in darśeṣṭi by one who had already performed somayāga, 1011-1012. Śākta worship, 739. Śakti, son of Vasiṣṭha, 487. Śākuntala, 56, 144, 369, 422, 429, 522, 563, 582, 756, 917. Śākvara-vrata for brahmacārins, 371-372. Śālagrāma: Pujāprakāśa says women and śūdras can worship, 715-716; stone found in Gaṇḍakī river and worshipped as a symbol of Viṣṇu, 715; Vṛddha-Hārīta says only dvijas can worship, 716; worship of, comparatively ancient, 716. Śalakya, a caste, 102. Sale, of commodities, as an avocation for brāhmaṇas, 16-129; barter on almost same footing as, 129; commodities that could not be sold by a brāhmaṇa even in distress, 126-128. Śālika, same as Magadha, 96. Śālina, 641n; a class of householders, 642; varieties of, 642. Salmond, 574ṇ Salutation (see ‘abhivādana’, ‘pratyutthāna’, ‘upasaṁgrahapa’, ‘namaskāra’): various modes of, 335-343; who do not deserve, 339. Sālva, country of, 224-225n; king of, attacked Dvārakā, 225n; Yaugan-dhara, a division of, 225ṇ Śalyaparva, 8n, 66, 225n, 436, 444, 568, 598, 925. Sāman (see under ‘stotra’): cessa-tion of Ṛgveda or Yajurveda study on hearing chanting of, 397; means a melody that is sung, 1183-1184; relation of ṛk and stobhas to, 1184; rules in Jaiminī about, 1184-1185; seven ancient notes of and their correspondence with classical svaras, 1172-1173. Sāmagāyaka, is the mantra ‘kayā naśoitrā’, 378ṇ Samāvartana ( ceremonial bath after finishing Veda study ), 197, 405-415; auspicious day for, 411; brief procedure of, 415; essence is ceremonial bath, 406; procedure of, 408-410; regarded by some as a subordinate element (aṅga) of marriage, 405-406; some dis-tinguish between snāna and samā-vartana, 405; time when samā-vartana takes place, 407. Samaveda, 1169, 1184, 1185n, 1193n, 1195-1196; has pitṛs as its deities, 397; pūrvārcika, 1184; sung in a thousand ways and modifications, 354n; upagrantha, of human authorship, 1184; uttarārcika, 1184, 1185. Samavidhāna-brāhmaṇa, 1172, 1184. Sāmayapradīpa, a work, 258ṇ Sambandhaviveka, 477ṇ Sambharayajus, formula, 1135. Sandhyā or sandhya 312-321; ācāmana, as part of, 315-316; aghamarṣaṇa in, 317; arghya in, 318; japa of Gāyatri and other mantras, principal in 313; manner of performing, 314; mārjana in, 317; meaning of, 312; means contemplation of Aditya and of One Intelligence, 313; prāṇāyāma in, 317; principal constituent parts of, 314-315; proper place for, 313-314; removes sins, 318-319; repetition of 24 names of Viṣṇu in 315; required to be performed twice every day or thrice according to soma, 312; sages attained long life by extensive, 313; time of, in morning and evening, 313; time to be spent in, 313; upasthāna of Mitra and Varuṇa in, 315; water thrown up in, drives away evil spirits according to Tai. Ār. and others, 314. Samidh (see under 'fuel-stick'). Samidhenī (kindling verses), 1048-1049; are eleven but to be raised to fifteen in darśapūrṇamāsa by repetition of first and last verses, 1043; method of reciting, 1049ṇ Samitr, views about, 1121-1122ṇ Saṁkara, 51; the cause of numerous castes and subcastes, 50, 59-60. Saṁkarācārya, 32n, 61, 88, 156, 353n, 354n, 356, 366, 421n, 440n, 712n, 716, 757n &c.; established four maṭhas in four parts of India, 907; four pupils of, 948, 964; is said to have popularized Pāñcāyatana-pūjā, 717; prohibited sale of girls in marriage, 506; succession lists of pupils of, do not agree and are probably fabricated, 949. Saṁkarācāryas (heads of maṭhas): claim of, to prescribe penances for lapses, to excommunicate persons and decide doubtful points of dharma, examined, 966 and 972-973. Saṁkaravarman, king of Kashmir, deprived temples of all lands donated by previous kings, 863. Sāṁkhya, 423. Saṁskāras (see under śūdra, upanayana, marriage): any agnate may perform for a child, except garbhādhāna, 206; brāhmaṇas to be fed in all, 212; bring out brāhmaṇya, 189-190; could not be performed for the impotent, 198; divided into brāhma and daiva, 193; easy expiations for non-performance of, 199-200; fœrty, according to Gautama, 193-194; have to be repeated on each child of a woman, 205; list of, 195-197; meaning of, 190-191; most, have fallen into oblivion, 199; number of, great divergence on, 193-194; of śūdra, to be performed without Vedic mantras, 158-159; performed on auspicious days only, 213; performed with Vedic mantras for dvijāti males, 197; performed without mantras for women even of dvijātis, 197; purify body, 192; purpose of, 191-192; remove taints, 192; sixteen, enumeration of, 194; the word does not occur in Vedic Literature, 190; upanayana, the principal, 200; which obligatory on dvijātis, 197-198. Saṁskārakauṣṭubha, 200, 201 n, 206, 373, 392n, 415, 443n, 462, 464, 468, 469, &c. Saṁskāramayukha, 194, 201n, 206, 219n, 220, 292, 293n, 392n, 396ṇ Saṁskārapaddati, 45n, 189n, 193n, 194, 198, 201n, 206, 220, 223, 226, 237n, 249n &c. Saṁskāra-ratna-mālā, of Gopinātha, 201n, 212n, 216n, 220, 237n, 249n, 256, 258, 260, 265n, 267, 287 &c. Saṁskāratattva, 189n, 192, 201n, 206, 251, 272n, 284, 294, 498ṇ Samudragupta, performed Aśvamedha that had gone out of vogue, 978. Samvarga-vidyā, 247, 840. Samvartta. 15, 112n, 169, 303, 326n, 443, 445, 460, 571n, 852, 878n &o. Samvartaka, a great yogin, 941ṇ Samyu Bṛhaspatya, legend of, 1075ṇ Samyuvaka (formula), 1075. Sanda and Amarka (or Marka), chips offered to, in morning pressing in Agniṣṭoma, 1176; purohitas of asuras, 40. Śāṇḍila, explains how a pativratā attains heaven, 567. Śāṇḍilya, 764. Śāṇḍilya, the principal authority on Agnicayana in Śat. Br., 1247. Saṁgha, meaning of, 68. Saṁgraha, a work, 299, 305n, 320, 375. Saṁkalpa, one of the essential elements in any gift or dedication to the public, 892. Śaṁkarānanda, author of a coṃ on some Upaniṣads, 419ṇ Saṁkośvara and Karavira: Śaṁkarācārya of, 971, 972; rarely decided disputed matters in Maratha times, 972-973. Sāṅkha, 6n, 15, 45n, 56, 78, 80, 83, 94, 95, 141n, 159, 236, 257. Sāṅkha-Likhita, dharmasūtra of, 14, 119n, 128, 134, 205, 250, 260, 356, 417n, 562, 565, 580, 664 &c. Sāṅkhyāyana Brāhmaṇa, 36n, 46, 749, 840. Sāṅkhyāyana-gṛhya, 85, 195, 196, 197, 202, 208, 220, 221, 233, 247n, 253, 257 &c. Sāṅkhyāyana-śrauta-sūtra, 618, 1050n, 1121n, 1134n, 1222ṇ Sannyasa: deity to whom offered, 1019; offered to Indra or Mahen-dra, 1012; preparation of, 1017-1018; remnants of, not to be par-taken of by a non-brāhmaṇa sacri-ficer, 1089; views about persons who could offer sannyasa, 1019. Sannyasa (see under 'sannyāsin', 'Vallabhācārya', 'asceticism'), 930-975; allowed even immediately after brahmacarya, 930; person cannot return to house-holder's life after resorting to, 424; apostate from, severely con-demned, 947; begging a characteristic of, from ancient times, 421; eight śrāddhas before enter-ing on, 932; for those who are very ill, 963; forbidden after, 4400 years of Kali by Vyāsa, 953; kṣatriyas could resort to, 944; mentioned in Muṇḍakopaniṣad, 421; not meant, as some supposed, for the blind and cripple, 946-947; principal features of, 931-938; to carry three or one daṇḍa, 937; procedure of taking sannyāsa according to Bauḍ, 954-957; pro-cedure of taking sannyāsa accord-ing to Dharmasindhu, 958-962; to be resorted to after 70th year according to Bauḍ Dh. S., 418; to observe silence in, except when reciting Veda, 937; various names for one who resorts to, 417; views on question whether sannyāsa can be resorted to immediately after student-hood or after householder's life, 424-426; vratas of, major and minor, 956; whether he has to give up his śikhā (top-knot of hair) and sacred thread, 963-964; whether allowed to the three var-ṇas or only to brāhmaṇas, 942-944; whether Chāndogyopaniṣad refers to it is doubtful, 930; who were to be allowed to resort to, 947; word 'sannyāsa' conveys two ideas, 946; world-renouncing ideal of sannyāsa, given up by many heads of maṭhas in modern times, 950. Samnyāsa-nirṇaya of Vallabhā-cārya, 949ṇ Samnyāsapaddhati of Toro Rudra-deva, 965ṇ Samnyāsin (see under 'food', 'paramahaṁsa,' 'maṭha,' 'par-yākaśaūca,' 'yogapaṭṭa'): brand-ing and banishment for him who does not abide by rules of the order, 948; became cut off from family and lost rights to property, 951-952; clothes of, to be ochre-coloured, 935; could at one time beg food from all varṇas, 934; characteristics of, according to Jābālopaniṣad, 931; daily duties of, 964-965; five kinds of food obtained by begging, 934; four proper actions for, viz. contemplation, purity, begging and stay- ing alone, 933; four kinds of, viz. kuṭīcaka, bahūdaka, haṁsa and paramahaṁsa, defined, 938-942; had to leave home and wife and to beg only once and from seven or a few houses only, 934; had to perform sacrifice to Prajāpati and distribute his possessions among priests and the poor, 931; his bowl and plate to be of clay, wood or a gourd, 936; militant saṁnyāsins, 951; mother and wife are supposed not to have to be born again as females, 946; new name to be given to ṣ by his guru, 961; not to remain in one place except in the rains, 947-948, 952; people pro- fessing to be saṁnyāsins began to marry and keep concubines, 952; punishment for becoming a saṁ- nyāsin without making proper provision for wife and sons, 932; pupil of, becomes heir, 952; resorts to yoga to purify his mind, 938; rules of mourning as to, 965; should kindle no śrauta, gṛhya or domestic fire, 933; should be celibate and unattached to all pleasures, 933; should eat only as much as is necessary to keep body and soul together, 935; should wander alone without a companion, 933; should move about avoiding all injury to creatures, 933; śūdra could not become according to smṛtis, 944; ten virtues such as truthfulness to be acquired, 938; ten orders of H. D. 168
advaita saṁnyāsins, 948; takes vow of ahiṁsā, 955; time when one became a 932; to repeat the word ‘Nārāyaṇa’ when some one bows to him, 965; vairāgya should be generated, 938; was not beyond rules of morality, 940-942; was to own and possess nothing except his clothes, jar &c. 935; was to subsist on food obtained by begging, 934; what is tridaṇḍin, 937; women rarely took to mode of life of, 942. Sannyāsopaniṣad, mentions six kinds of saṁnyāsins, 942. Śantanu, Devāpi was purohita of, in Ṛgveda, 31; was a Kaurava king according to Nirukta, 31. Śantatīya, hymn in Ṛgveda (VII. 35), 833ṇ Śānti, rites for birth on inauspi- cious times, 237. Śāntiparva, 2n, 6, 7n, 8n, 10, 41, 42, 51n, 70, 71, 81, 101, 128, 155, 324 &c. Sāpiṇḍa relationship, 452-478; about the adopted son, 470; according to Dāyabhāga, 452, 472-477; accord- ing to Mitākṣarā, 452-455; how far applicable in the case of girls from one’s step-mother’s original family, 468-469; narrowed down if three women intervene, 476; narrowing of, in marriage, per- mitted by smṛtis and digests on the ground of usage only, 464; required in three branches of dharmśāstra, 452; restricted to seven degrees on father’s side, and five on mother’s side in most works, 454-455; two schools of, 452; usages vary, particularly as to cognates, 458ff; wider than sagotra relationship in one direc- tion and narrower in another, 499. Sapiṇḍīkaraṇa, a śrāddha, 473. Sāpiṇḍyadīpikā, a work, 464. Saptahotr formula, 1070n, 1135, 1195. Saptapadr, principal rite in marriage, 534. Saptagaśaraka, a mahādāna, 877. Śārabhanga, entered fire, 927. Śāradatilaka, on mudrās, 321; on prāṇapratiṣṭhā of images, 900ṇ Sarasvata, brāhmaṇas of Punjab, have 470 sub-divisions, 103ṇ Sarasvata-anūna, 667. Sarasvatī, river, 12; disappearance of, 13; reasons for disappearance of, 14ṇ Sarasvatī, goddess, described as all white by Daṇḍin, 726. Sarasvatīvilāsa, 70. Sarayu, mentioned in Ṛgveda, 12. Sarkar, Golap Chandra, 453n, 915ṇ Sarkar, Dr. S. C., 321. Sarpabali (offerings to serpents), 821-824. Sarpārjunī mantras, 994ṇ Sarvadarśanasaṁgraha, 359ṇ Sarvajña-Nārāyaṇa, coṃ of Manu, 63n, 390n, 426, 779n, 780n, 795. Sarvasvara, a oneday soma sacrifice, in which the sacrificer committed suicide by entering fire, 1213ṇ Sarvauṣadhi, ten herbs are so called, 874ṇ Śastras, belong to and follow stotras, 1181; distinction between stotras and ṣ 1181; elements connected with, 1181; śastra called Prauga, 1185; twelve, in Agniṣṭoma, 1181-1182: Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 5, 12, 35, 37, 39, 40, 105, 229, 268, 270n, 271ṇ Śatarudriya, texts purify a man, 686. Śatātapa, 172, 174n, 175, 302, 459, 471, 497n, 664, 715, 752, 852 &c. Śatāvalokara, Paṇḍit, 1171. Satī (self-immolation of widows), 624-636; duty to become satī common to all women from brāhmaṇs to caṇḍāla according to Mit. 631; in epigraphic records, 629; no dharmaśāstra except Viṣṇu's refers to, 626; more prevalent in Bengal than elsewhere, 635-636; no Vedic passage nor sūtra passage about widow burning, 625; number of satīs larger in Bengal on account of the rights over property granted to women, 635; penance for giving up at the last moment the resolve to become satī, 633; practice of, forbidden by law in India from 1829, 624; practice of, originally confined to kings and nobles, 627; procedure of, 633-635; restrictions against all widows being, 633; rewards promised for, 631-632; some texts forbid self-immolation of brāhmaṇa widows, 627; was not a practice imposed consciously by men on unwilling women, 630; writers of medieval India opposed to practice, 631-632. Sattra: sacrifice could be performed only by brāhmaṇas, except those of Bhṛgu, Śaunaka and Vasiṣṭha gotras, 153, 482; general rules about, 1241-1242; observances for performers of, 1243; sacrifice lasted from 12 days to a year or more, 1239; subdivisions of, 1239-40. Sat-triṁśan-mata, a work, 169, 665ṇ Satyabhāmā, queen of Kṛṣṇa, went to a forest on Kṛṣṇa's death, 923. Satvata, same as Kāruṣa, 97. Satyakāma Jābāla, 247, 273, 285-286, 307, 322, 329, 349n, 406. Satyāṣāḍha, śrautasūtra of, 46, 483, 684, 994n, 998n, 1005n, 1009n, 1015n, 1019, 1020n &c. Śauca (cleansing): differs in degree according to āśrama, 650; night time requires half of that in day time, 650; of two kinds, external and internal, 651; sub-divisions of, 651. Sauddhanvana, vide Rathakāra, 100. Śaunaka, 199, 305n, 306, 401, 764. Śaunaka, tarpaṇa offered to, 691. Śaunaka, author of Ṛk-Prātiśākhya, 691; teacher of Āśvalāyana, 691. Sainaka-krikṛt, a work, 221, 511, 537. Śanddika, 97. Śannika (same as Śunika ), 99. Śantrāmān: performed for one who had drunk too much soma or at the end of Rājasūya or cayana, 793, 1227; preparation of surā in, 1225-26; procedure of, 1224-1228; sacrifice frees a son from debt due to mother, 580; sacrifice in which surā was offered and remnants of the latter were drunk by a brāhmaṇa hired for the purpose, 793, 1226; two kinds of, 1224. Sauvīra, country of, 14. Sāvitrī, Drupada, 661. Sāvitrī, ideal of womanly virtue in India, 568; story of, who brought back dead husband from Yama, 567. Sāvitrī, mantra, 283; method of teaching, 283, 300-301; some prescribed different verses according to varṇa, 302: teaching of, postponed for some time after upanayana in ancient days, 300. Sāvitrīpravēśa, in the procedure of sāṁnyāsa, 954ṇ Sāyana, 25n, 288n, 386, 418n, 588, 617, 837n, 988n, 990n, 991n, 993n, 1145n, 1250ṇ Scheduled Castes Order of 1936, 69, 177. Schweitzer, Dr. A., 723. Sectarians, advice to, given by Smṛtimuktāphala that God is one, 675. Self, one, immanent in all, 7. Self-defence, right of, against one guilty of certain crimes, 148-149. Senart, 447; on characteristics of caste, 23. Serpents, born of Kadrū from Kaśyapa, 830n; names of, in Atharvaveda, 823; said to be the progeny of Kaśyapa, a Prajāpati, 830n; worship of, very ancient, 823. Shadow, of whom polluting, 173; of whom should not be crossed, 173. Sham Sastry, Dr., 1245 Shaving, prescribed on seven occasions, 591. Sherring, 103n, 104, 722n; condemnation of caste system by, 21; exaggerates by mistake number of castes, 24; thought that caste system was invented by brāhmaṇas, 21ṇ Shivaji (see under ‘Panditrao’); claimed Rajput lineage, 380n; established a council of eight ministers, 972; founder of Maratha Empire, 379, 972, 975; had his upanayana performed by Gāgābhatta at 45, 379ṇ Siddhāntas, gifts of works called, 883. Śikhā: one cutting off through hate or foolishness had to undergo expiation, 264-265; religious acts done without, become useless, 264; rules about keeping locks of hair according to gotra, 264. Śilālin, author of a Naṭasūtra, 84. Śilappadikāram, an ancient Tamil work, 719, 870. Simāntāpujana, a ceremony preliminary to marriage, 535. Simāntonnanayana, 196, 222-226; a saṁskāra of the woman, 226; great divergence among gṛhya-sūtras about, 223-224; rite mainly of a social and festival nature, 223; songs in, 224-225; time for, 223. Simon Commission Report, 179. Simon, Dr., 1169ṇ Sindhu, 12; seven, in Rg., 12. Sindolika, a caste, 103. Sins, five grave, condemned by Chāṇ Up., 5, 147-148, 794; gravest, could be expiated, 620; supposed to be expiated by gifts, particularly of land, gold and cows, 859. Śiṣṭas, qualifications of, 971-972. Śiśupālavadha, 646n, 726. Sītā, ideal of Indian women, 568; name of, holy, 648; svayamvara of, 523. Sītāyajña (sacrifice to ploughed land), 820-821. Śiva (see under Rudra): as half male and half female, 725; as yogin at Mohenjo-daro, 724; bull as conveyance of, 725; flowers commended in wor- ship of, 732-733; fourteenth of dark half, sacred to, 738; images of, referred to by Patañjali, 710; Mahābhārata teaches identity of Viṣṇu and Śiva, 725; mantras in worship of, 737-738; one thousand names of, 725; procedure of worship of, 728-729; wearing of rudrākṣa rosary by devotees of, 738; with five aspects or mouths, 725; worship of, most ancient, 724; worshipped in the form of liṅga or image, 737. Śiva-bhāgavata (devotee of Śiva) mentioned by Patañjali, 736. Skandapurāṇa, 112n, 117, 484, 565, 568, 585, 715n, 854ṇ Slaves: brāhmaṇa cannot be made slave of even a brāhmaṇa, 186; debt contracted by ṣ when binding on master, 187; extent of corporal punishment allowed by Manu, 182; gift of, entailed expiation, 181; gifts of, very frequent in the Mahābhārata, 182; how became free, 185; kinds of, 183-184; master to treat humanely, 182; punish- ment for selling relatives and children as, in Kauṭilya, 184; result of master having inter- course with female, 186. Slavery, 180-187; abolished in British Dominions in 1833, 180; an insti- tution in all ancient countries, 180; in England and America, 180; in the Ṛgveda and Vedic literature 181-182; Kauṭilya on, 183-184. Sleep, 800-801; five persons famed as having very sound, 801; rules about bed for 800; who was not to sleep on a cot, 801. Smoking, of medicinal herbs after meals in ancient times, 799. Smṛticandrikā, 3n, 6n, 18n, 66n, 76, 110, 111, 193n, 194, 197n, 219, 254, 277n &c. Smṛtikaumudī, 72. Smṛtimuktāphala, 197n, 199n, 319, 320, 438n, 443n, 462, 501, 522n, 585, 631n, 643, 647n, 669n &c. Smṛtis, emphasize that the first duty of a dvijāti is to study the Veda, 356; object of composition of, a practical one, 51; opposed to śruti to be discarded, 351; postulate saṃkara as origin of numerous castes, 51; propositions which all or most assume, 51-52; rule in case of conflict of smṛtis, 464; rules in, based on śruti according to Par. M., 697; Śabara makes fun of, as to long brahmacarya, 351. Smṛtitattva, extensive digest, by Raghunandana, 474. Smṛtyartha-sāgara, of Chalārī, 674; supports branding of body with marks of Viṣṇu's weapons, 674. Smṛtyarthasāra, 53, 57, 175, 188, 194n, 199, 221, 741, 743, 744 &c. Snāna (bath), 658-668; brief pro- cedure of, 663-664; clay to be employed for cloaning the body, 664; over day bath with cold water, 660; method of bath for one who is ill or for a woman who is ill while in menstrual period, 667; mid-day bath, ingredients ac- companying, 659; no bath with oil on certain days, 666; not allowed at night, except on eclipses, āśauca, vrata etc., 659; once everyday is obligatory on all, 658; of rivers (not directly going to sea) to be avoided in rains, 660-661; procedure of, 661-663; rules at bath, such as not being naked &c., 664; ten consequences of, 664; thrice for yati, 658; touch of certain persons or after doing certain acts entailed a bath, 669; twice for brāhmaṇa householder according to soma, 658; various kinds of, 658, 664-667; with āma- laka fruit for prosperity, 666; with water from another's well to be taken under certain restrictions for fear of partaking of his sin, 660. Snāna (see under samāvartana) same as samāvartana according to soma, 197. Snātaka, distinguished from brahma- cārin, 406; not to address his tea- cher by name, 334; rules of conduct for, 412-415; three kinds of, 407; was offered madhuparka when he came as a guest, 542. Social service, meaning of, 4n. Ṣoḍaśa-stoma, 385-386; froes vrātyas from sin, 386. Soḍaśin, a form of soma sacrifice, 1204-1205. Soma, presiding deity of clothes in gifts, 855. Soma: animals offered in principal soma sacrifice, 1174; became un- obtainable in the days of Brāhma- ņas, 1202; description of cow with which soma was to be purchased, 1142; dialogue between adhvaryu and vendor of, 1143; food of brāhmaṇas and not of kṣatriyas, 29; goat as a present when cart of soma brought to yajña pavilion, 1146; babitation of, 1202; is said to have married Sūryā, 526; king of brāhmaṇas, 139; not drinking for three generations entailed ex- piation, 108n; no question of being ucchiṣṭa arises when vessels are filled with soma, 1177n; not to be drunk by kṣatriyas, 1179; re- lation of soma plant to moon, 1202; show of force in taking soma from the vendor of soma, 1143; subrahmaṇya priest drives the cart of soma with two palāśa branches, 1144; subrahmaṇya litany 1144n and 1145; substitutes for, 1202- 1203; things offered in exchange for, 1143n. Soma sacrifice: classified into ekaṅga, ahina and sattra, 1133; seven forms of, 194, 1133, 1204; specula- tive theories about origin of, 1202. Son, born of marriage in approved form supposed to be endowed with virtues, 524; born of the different approved forms purified different number of ancestors according to smṛtis, 524; bought, Sunahsepa being an example, 507; called apavi- ddha, 507; Manu says that wealth acquired by son belongs to the father, 507; one who has no son does not reach heavenly worlds, according to Mahābhārata, 799; saves father from put hell, 561; several sons desirable so that at least one may go to Gayā, 561; was supposed to free father from debt to ancestors, to secure immor- tality and heaven, 560-561. Sopāka, a low caste, 100. Soṣyantikarma, a rite for a woman about to be delivered, 196, 227-228. Soul: eight qualities of, 6; dayā, at the top of all qualities of, 6n; highest value attached to moral qualities of, 7; survival of, after death, denied by some, 359n; transmigration of, in the Ṛgveda, 717-718. Special Marriage Act of 1872, 451, 621; forbids marriages between persons descended from a common ancestor within certain degrees, 465-466, 499; makes Indian Di- force Act applicable, 621. Spengler, 138. Sphyā (wooden sword), 985; used in sweeping Vedi 1035, 1036. Śrāddha, flesh offered to pitṛs in, 780. Śrāmaṇaka, fire so called, 919n; is Vaikhānasad śāstra, 917. Śrānta (Vedio) sacrifices, 976ff; deep study of, necessary for properly understanding Vedio Literature, for chronology, 976.
Śrauta padārtha-nirvacana, 1015ṇ
Śrauta-sūtras: contain detailed and accurate descriptions of Vedio sacrifices, 980; general rules about sacrifices in, 982-986.
Śrāvaṇī (see under sarpa-bali) 821.
Śreṇī, meaning of, 67-68.
Śrīkara, commentator of Vedānta-sūtra, 946; says that nyāsa (abandonment of worldly desires) is possible for women and śūdras, though not saṁnyāsa, 946.
Śrīkṛṣṇa, commentator of Dayā-bhāga, 474.
Śrīsūkta, 898.
Śrāgerī, matha at, established by Śaṁkarācārya, 907.
Śrīvalgnavas, 593.
Sruc, description of, 984-985; three kinds of viz. juhu, upabhṛt and dhruvā, 985; filling the three sruc with clarified butter to the accompaniment of mantras, 1042-1043; cleansing the three sruc with tips of kṇśas, 1039; yajamāna addresses mantras to the three sruc when he places juhu on prastara and the others near it, 1045.
Sruva, description of, 984; ladle to be used in all gṛhya rites, 208.
State, is not, according to one view, owner of all lands, but is only entitled to tax them, 866; only entitled to levy taxes on land already brought under cultivation, 867-868.
Statute, of Elizabeth, 858; of Mortmain, 118.
Statutes, Indian, regulating religious and charitable institutions, 914.
Steele, 553, 615n, 952ṇ
Stein, Dr. Otto, 384.
Stevenson, Mrṣ 195ṇ
Sthāṇḍila (altar), how prepared, 208-209.
Stones, five kinds of, used in worship, 716.
Stotras (see ‘Bahiṣpavamāna’): are chanted in certain groups, 1182; are chanted near the audumbarī post in Sadas except the Bahiṣpavamāna, 1185; Bahiṣpavamāna is the first stotra in Agniṣṭoma, 1182; S. called ājya, 1185; choristers in chanting stotras are sacrificer and four other priests, 1168; devatās of, are determined by the nidhānas, 1170n; divided into two kinds, pavamāna and dhurya, 1167, 1168; each sāman verse in, has five parts, 1169; mādhyandina-pavamāna-stotra, 1187; marking of accents, 1172; method of introducing, 1167; method of chanting to the movements of thumb and fingers, 1173; most of, taken from Ṛgveda, 1172; notations of, differ in mss and śākhās, 1172-1173; place of chanting Bahiṣpavamāna, 1167-1168; position of the sāman chanters, 1167, 1185; prastotr udgātr and pratihartṛ chant, 1167; stobhas in, 1183.
Stotriya, a triplet, forms part of some śāstras, 1186.
Strabo, 183, 518n, 626, 777, 798, 928.
Strangways, Mr. A. H. Fox, 1171.
Strīparva, 93, 589, 598, 626.
Stndent: oondnct of, towards wife or son of guru, 342; dnration of the stage of, 349-352; had to look after teacher's fires, tend his cattle and serve teacher, 331; not to take ucchista of any one, exooept of his turn, 332; not to hear oalnmny of his teacher, 333; not to mention name of teacher or teacher's wife or son without an honorifio prefix, 333; qualities of a good, 330-331; rules of condnot for, 331-333; rules on saluting teachers and others, 335ff; what things should he avoided by, 331. Study, of Veda, to be done by householder in 2nd part of the day, 688. Sub-castes: great diversity of view as to origin of and status of seve- ral, 58-59; several names for same sub-caste, 59; some smṛtis say that sub-castes are to be recognised by the acts or occupations of the members, 59. Subhadrā: described as daughter of Vasudeva and sister of Kṛṣṇa, in the Mahābhārata, 460; was not the real sister of Kṛṣṇa, but a distant cousin, says Kumārila, 460. Suhodhinī, coṃ on the mitākṣarā, 194. Snbrahmaṇya litany, 1144n-1148; called pitṛpatnya on Agniṣomiya paśu day, 1159-1160; changes in the words referring to the day, 1145n; contains three names of the sacrificer and his descendants according to seniority, 1145n; recited at each upasad in soma sacrifices, 145; recited near the utkara, except the first one, 145ṇ Sucaka, a caste, 98. Sucika (sucī), a tailor, 98. Sudarśana, coṃ of Āpastamba-gṛhya, 225n, 284, 301n, 527, 813n, 828ṇ Śuddhitattva, 381, 628n, 631n, 633n, 634. Sudhanvoḍarya, same as Kuruṣa, 97. Śūdra (vide under ‘brāhmaṇa,’ ‘caste,’ ‘king’): accumulation of wealth by, condemned, 121; a dṛkṣita could not speak with a, 35; asat, did not incur sin by eating flesh or drinking wine, 122; assumed the ascetic mode of life sometimes, 945; called anārya by Gautama and other smṛtikāras, 35; Cāṇḍālas included by Pātañjali among, 168; could in distress follow the avocations of the vaiśya, 121; could follow almost any occupation, 164; could listen to the recitation of the the epics and purāṇas, 155; could perform the daily five yajñas in ordinary fire, 158; could perform vratas, 158; could not himself read even the epics and purāṇas, according to some, 155; could not be a judge, 160; could not touch a brāhmaṇa, 162; could repeat Rāma and Śiva mantras, 158; derivation of the word in Vedāntasūtra, 155; des- cribed as ‘asurya varṇa’ in Tai. Br., 25; divided into aniravasita and niravasita, 121, 168; divided into bhojyanna and abhojyanna, 121-122; divided into sat and asat, 122; divisions of 121-122; duty of, to render service to dvijas, 120; enlisted as soldier, 164; esteemed low, 163; food of, could not be taken by a brāhmaṇa, 161; in dis- tress may live in any country, 15; initiation of, as bhāgavata, 156; intoxicants not forbidden to, 796; is said to be an untruth itself in Sat. Br., 35; killing a śūdra was an upapātaka, 163; liable to higher punishment than dvijātis for certain offences, 159-160; list of disabilities of, 154-164; mantra in case of, 153; may attain to spiri- tual development and mokṣa with- out Veda study, 156; no Veda study in presence of, 34, 154; not allowed to study Veda, 154; not fit for sacrifice, 34, 36; not to perform Vedic sacrifices, 156-157; numerous subcastes of, 121-122; ordained to servitude, according to Manu, 33; period of impurity on death greater for, 160; position of, im- proved in course of time, 180-181; purāṇa mantras to be repeated by brāhmaṇas for, 198; saṁskāras of, without Vedic mantras, 158-159; serving dvijātis as a duty was not a slave, 182; should not take gratuit daughter in marriage, 506; some śūdras became kings, 121; spoken of as ‘dark varṇa’ in the sūtras, 33; spoken of as Vājasaneyin, 156; subdivisions of śūdra whose food could be eaten by brāhmaṇas in ancient times, 121- 122; to say ‘Śivāya namaḥ’ or ‘Viṣṇave namaḥ’ in worship, 730; to wash feet of a brāhmaṇa guest in madhuparka, 544; touch of, entailed bath according to some smṛtis, 172, 665; was at beck and call of others, 35; was to be fed, when old, by his patron, 120; was to wear cast off clothes and shoes of his patron, 120; washes the feet of others, 34. what saṁskāras allowed to, different views ahont, 198-199.
Śūdrakamalākara, 34n, 72, 74, 77, 92, 93, 95, 102, 122, 155, 156n, 158, 381, 593 &c. Śūdrakṛtyatattva, 156n, 193. Suicide (vide under ‘Mahāpra- sthāna’), 924-928; allowed under exceptional circumstances such as brāhmaṇa murder or when life’s work was done or in extreme ill- ness, 924-926; fine for attempt to commit suicide, 924, 926-27; generally condemned by dharma- śāstra writers, 924; historical ex- amples of religious, 925-926; officers were appointed to super- vise and control fasting by death &c., 927; in Prayāga and other holy places for attaining heaven or release, 630, 925; no mourning need be observed for those who wilfully die by fasting or fire &c. 925; no water or funeral rites for him who commits, 924; religious, came to be forbidden in the Kali age, 928. Śukra : and Kaca, 796; forbade into- xicants to brāhmaṇas, 796. Śukriya: a vrata for brāhmaṇas, 870-871.
Suktavaka, in darśapūrṇamāsa, 1072- 1074. Suktimuktāvalī, 367. Sulagava (rite), 831-832; flesh of ox offered to Rudra, 831; perform- ed in Śarad or Vasanta on Ārdra, 831; Rudra described as supreme deity in, 736. Śūlapāṇi, 198, 477ṇ Sūlika, a caste, 96. Sumantu, 76, 80, 83, 84, 94, 96, 149, 468, 497n, 647n, 963ṇ Summum bonum, of Indian Philo- sophy, 422. Sun: crystal as symbol for worship of, 716; eclipse of, described in Ṛgveda, 770; feet of, not shown in images or paintings, 725; tem- ple of, built by weavers from Lāṭa in Daśapura, 69; twelve names of the, in namaskāra, 735. Śunaḥśepa: came to be called Deva- rāta by Viśvāmitra when the latter adopted him, 480; legend of, 35, 480, 507; spoken of as Ājīgarti and Āṅgirasa, 241, 480; story of, narrated to king in Rājasūya, 1218; was sold by his father for money’ 507; Śunaśīrya, 1105-1106; meaning of Śunāsīra, 1105; no fixed time for it, 1091n; no fire produced by attri- tion and no uttaravedi in this, 1105; three special offerings viz. a cake to Śunāsīra, fresh milk to Vāyu and a cake to Sūrya, 1105. Sundara Ram, Mr. L. L., 773. Sūnika, a caste, 99. Surā (wine) see under 'drinking'. Surabhimati, verses, 317n, 955ṇ Surasena, country of, 15. Surāṣṭra, outside pale of Āryāvarta, 16; guilds of soldiers in, 67. Sureśvara, pupil of Śaṁkarācārya, wrote vārtika on Bṛhad-āraṇya- kopaniṣad-bhāṣya, 943, 947. Sūrya, a hymn in Ṛgveda (X. 85), 531; daughter of Savitṛ, married Soma, 526. Suryasiddhanta, 645n, 646. Suta, 57, 98-99; one of antyavasa-sins, 70. Sutasamhita, 52, 54, 72, 79, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91, 935, 939. Sutikagni, how prepared, 232ṇ Sutudri, a river in Rg., 12. Suvarna, 97. Suvarnakara (or hemakara ), 98. Suvastu, river, mentioned in the Rg., 12. Svadhyaya, study of, is called ‘tapas’ by Tai. Up., 356; subjects of, 353. Svapaca or svapaka, 97; avocations of, 97; one of the antyajas, 70, 97. Svargarchikapava, 8ṇ Svastisukta, 902ṇ Svastyaỹana, mantras, 831ṇ Svayamvara : a girl of marriageable age could after waiting for some time choose her husband, if father or other guardian did not give her in marriage, 502; held in an assembly with pomp was thought to be unsuitable to brahmapas, 524; of Candralekha, a silahara princess, 524; principal religious rites of marriage must be performed even after, 521; several varieties of, 523-524. Svetaketu, in Chāndogya Up., 13, 273. Svetaketu, a brahmacarin, when suffering from a skin disease was advised by Asvins to take madhu (wine) and meat as medicine, 796. Svetaketu Aruneỹa, 321, 966 ; credited with having stopped promiscuous sexual relations, 428 ; learnt from Pravaỹhana, 106, 966 ; styled Gautama, 241, 247. Svetasvataropanisad, 322, 353, 960. Svistakrt : (vide under Agni ), 208, 211, 1051ṇ Syaitha Saman, 996ṇ Syava, married a princess, 447, 525. Syena-yoga, performed as black magic against one's enemy, 632. Tailika, 83. Taittirīya āraṇyaka, 14, 213n, 255n, 288, 303, 306, 314, 318, 327, 331 &c. Taittirīya brāhmaṇa, 13n, 25, 30n, 37, 41n, 42, 43, 84, 135, 222n, 247n, 271 &c. Taittirīya saṃhitā, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 43, 95, 108n, 213n, 228, 247n, 255 &c. Taittirīya upaniṣad, 5, 272, 301, 306, 326n, 328, 454n, 674, 750. Taksan (or Taksaka), a caste, 82-83; regarded as śūdra, 83; was originally different from rathakara, 83. Tambula, 734-735; forbidden to widows, ascetics and vedic students, 584, 769; ingredients of, 734-735; no mention of, in ancient grhya sutras, 734; thirteen gunas of, 735; to be chewed after meals, 799. Tambulika, 83, 734. Tamropajivin, 83. Tanjore Maratha princes, held to be sudras by Madras High Court, 382. Tandya brāhmaṇa, 14, 15n, 34, 35, 37, 42, 43, 345, 385, 418, 419, 427, &c. Tank (see under ‘reservoir’), water of large, could be taken by candalas, 176. Tantra, 319n; influence of, on smṛti practices, 319n; influence of, on Devapuja, 740; influence of, on consecration of images, 900. Tantraratna, 508. Tantravartika, 190, 191n, 289, 351, 355, 361, 459, 463n, 555, 585, 603n, 721 &c. Tantrika, cult followed by some Vaisnavas and Saivas, 675. Tantuvaya, 83; also called kuvinda, 83. Tarka, importance of, in settling doubtful matters of dharma, 967. Tarn, Dr. 384. Tarpana, 668-669, 689-695; a constituent part of brahmayajña 692; a constituent part of snāna, 668-689; every one had daily to perform tarpaṇa of gods, sages and pitṛs, 689; most elaborate tarpaṇa of all sūtras is in Bauḍ Dh. S. 693; part of hand by which water is offered in, 689-690; procedure of, 690; the devatās that are offered water, 690; the pitṛs to whom water is offered, 691-692; the sages to whom water is to be offered, 690-691; performed while standing in water, 668; to be performed as part of brahmayajña, 668; women teachers in, 366, 691; short form of 693; special tarpaṇa to Yama and Bhīṣma, 695; t. of sages in upākarma, 813. Taxation: learned brāhmaṇas free from, 143-144; women and other persons exempt from taxation, 144. Taxes, on upanayana, marriages and Vedic sacrifices, 145. Teacher (see under 'ācārya', 'edu-cation', 'guru', 'student'): deman-ded fanciful dakṣiṇā, 362; for Veda, must ordinarily be a brāh-maṇa, 325; generally a brāhmaṇa along could be a, 108; kṣatriyas rarely engaged as, 108; kṣatriya may be teacher of Veda in difficulty, 325; not to keep back know-ledge from pupil, 329; perpetual student could not stay with a kṣa-triya t., 109; pupils were addressed by gotra names by, 481; rules to be observed by t. 329-330; stu-dents generally stuck to one, 328-329; to be revered as God by pupil, 322; to explain in Sanskrit, Prakrit or vernacular, 349; to treat pupil as his son, 329-330; woman as, 366. Teaching: after prior stipulation for money regarded as a sin, 361; method of t. Veda, 325-326; t. of Veda, in the hands of brāhmaṇas alone, 108; t. of Veda was a duty, 329; t. of vernaculars viz., Kannada, Tigula and Marathi in 1290 A. D., 355; was oral, 108, 325. Teeth, brushing of, see under Danta-dhāvana. Telang, Mr. Justice, on coronation of Shivaji, 379ṇ Temples, administration of temples and mathas in ancient times, 910-913; could be onterod by antyajas according to Smṛtyarthasāra, 176; dancing girls attached to, 903-904; existed long before 5th century B. C., 710; king's duty to punish persons interfering with temple property, 911; kings appointed officer called Devatādhyakṣa, 912; mentioned by Laugākṣī-gṛhya, Gau-tama, Āp.Dh.S. and other sūtras, 709; of god Brahmā rare, 724; prāṇa-pratiṣṭhā of images in, a later element, 900; procedure of establishing images in, 897-899; pro-cedure of consecrating image of Viṣṇu, according to Vaikhānasa, 901-903; to be circumambulated if one meets them on one's way, 709; to be erected in the centre of the capital, 710; two ways of osta-blishment of images in, 897; trees to be planted round,895; worshippers (pujaris) in temples of different gods aro different, 722. Tengalais, sect of the followers of Rāmānuja, 593. Thomas, Dr. E. J., 711ṇ Thomson, Mr. Edward, 624, 635ṇ Tilak, 'Orion' by, 287n, 829n; 'Arctio home in the Vedas' by, 1239n, 1245. Tilaka (mark on forehead), 672-675; made with sandalwood paste, 673. Tīrtha, different names of, 316n, 652; meaning a certain part of the palm, 316, 652. Tīrtha (water used in bathing the image of a god ); deemed very holy, 731. Tithi, called sopapada, 396. Tod, 104, 509n, 523ṇ Tolerance in religion in India from Aśoka downwards, 724. Tones, three viz. mandra, madhyama and uttama, 1059. Tortoise: avatāra of Viṣṇu as, probably due to a story of Prajāpati in Śat. Br., 718; was built alive in the fire altar, 1251. Townsend, Meredith, estimate of caste system by, 21. Traidhātavi, an iṣṭi in Rājasuya, 1222. Traiyambaka homa: 1103-1105; a rite in Śākamedhaparva, 1103; everything is done facing the north, 1103-1104; offered to Rudra, 1103; yajamāna, wife, children and unmarried daughters go round fire striking their thighs and repeating the mantra 'Tryambakam yajāmahe', 1104. Transmigration, doctrine of, taught by Yājñavalkya, 106n; doctrine of, in Br. Up., 776; not the prime cause of doctrine of ahiṁsā, 776. Trasadasyu, made gifts of female slaves, 181. Tṛcākalpa-namaskāras, described, 735-736. Treasure-trove: brāhmaṇa more favoured as to, 146. Trees (see under 'plants', 'garden'); circumambulating holy trees, 894; fines for cutting trees and plants wrongfully, 895; fuel sticks (samidh) to be of nyagrodha, udumbara, plakṣa and aśvattha, 894; have life, according to Mahābhārata, 895; highly valued in India at all times, 893-894; leaves and twigs of aśvattha, udumbara, plakṣa, mango and nyagrodha very auspi- cious, 894; no Veda study under the shade of certain, 400; none to injure trees yielding fruits and flowers, 895; numerous uses of, in sacrifices and otherwise, 893-894; palāśa, very sacred and so seats or tooth brushes not to be made from it, 894; pitṛs gratified by the plantation of mango trees that are watered, 894; planting of, confers spiritual benefit like sons, 895; seven holy trees in Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, 894; to be planted round temples, 895; worship of, particularly by women desirous of sons, 894. Tribes, in the Ṛgveda, 39. Trikadruka, a sacrifice, 981ṇ Trikāṇḍamaṇḍana, 155n, 308, 548, 560, 566, 677, 1086, 1086ṇ Trimūrti, conception of, is ancient, 724. Tripuṇḍra (mark on forehead), 673; highly extolled by Pāśupatas, 673; made with ashes, 673; procedure of making, 674. Triśaṅku: cursed to be caṇḍāla, 109; Viśvāmitra became his priest, 109. Triṣṭhālīsetu, 595. Triṣṇparṇa, texts purify a man, 686. Trita, who had fallen into a well, 550. Trita, story of, a devotee of Indra, 1034ṇ Tṛtsus, 39. Truth: exalted above everything else in the Ṛgveda and other Vedic texts, 4-5; conduces to the great- est good, 10. Tulāpuruṣa (weighing against gold or silver): frequently mentioned in epigraphic records, 870; kings and ministers indulged in this, 872; procedure of, 871-872. Tulasi: clay at root of, used for making mark on forehead after bath, 673; leaves of, to be offered to Viṣṇu, 732; plant supposed to be favourite of Viṣṇu, 731. Tunnāvāyya, a caste, 83. Turāyaṇa, an iṣṭi, 919n, 1107. Turyaślīta, a class of sannyāsin, 942. Tura, Kāvaṣeya, received doctrine of Agnioayana from Prajāpati, 1247. Turvasas, 39. Tvāṣṭra, story of, that by wrong pronuciation of the word Indra-śatru he lost, 347. Tvāṣṭra, had three heads and was killed by Indra, 419. Ucchiṣṭa: food of a brāhmaṇa, not to be given to a non-brāhmaṇa, 44n; food to be given to a śūdra only if he was dependent on a brāhmaṇa, 44n; meanings of, 332n; pupil may take teacher's, 332. Udavasānīya: iṣṭi at the end of Agni-ṣṭoma; 1201; procedure of, 1201. Udayanīya: concluding iṣṭi in Agni-ṣṭoma, 1200; performed in prāg-vaṁśa and not on uttaravedi, 1200; procedure of, 1200. Udbandhanaka, a caste, 74. Uddālaka Āruṇi, 12, 273. Uddālaka vrata, for patitasāvitrika 377. Uddhava, a great devotee of Kṛṣṇa, 949. Uddīpakā, a ceremony in each Veda-vrata, 371. Udgīthavidyā, 167. Udvāhatattva, 162, 344, 429n, 439, 451, 455n, 456n, 468, 471, 474, 486n, 493n &c. Udyogaparva, 6, 8n, 69, 79, 82, 83, 84, 88, 330n, 358n, 431n, 507, 510n, 637, 795 &c. Ugra, a caste, 73-74; a nobleman in Br. Up. 45; offspring of a kṣatriya from a śūdra woman, 45; occurs in Ṛgveda, 45. Ujjayinī: poets like Kālidāsa were examined at, 369; temple of Mahākāla at, 799. Ukthamukha: principal part of certain śāstras is so called, 1186. Ukthya, a form of soma sacrifice, 1204. Universities, famous, in ancient India, 369. Untouchable (see under 'antyaja', 'caṇḍāla', 'mleccha'): could establish temple of Bhairava, 176; would worship images of avatāras of Viṣṇu, 176; included among śūdras for marriage, 179; not to approach a caste Hindu at what distance, 174; punished, if deliberately touched one of a high caste, 176; population of, 178-179. Untouchability (see under 'antyaja', 'caṇḍāla'), 165-179; arises in vari-ous ways, 168-169; exceptions as to, on certain occasions, 175-176; lowest avocations mentioned in the Vedas, 165; permanent and temporary, 168-169; underlying no-tion of, 170. Upacāras (items in procedure of worship): in devapūjā, 729; number of, differs, 729-730. Upādhyāya: defined, 323-24, 361; slapped a pupil for wrong accentua-tion, 363. Upākarma (starting of annual ses-sion of veda study) 197, 807-815; called vārṣika in some sūtras, 807; cessation of Veda study for, 399; divergence as to mantras, deities and material of oblations, in sūt-ras, 810; holiday after upākarma, 815; procedure of, 812-813; pro-cedure of, in modern times, 813-815; reasons why the month of śrāvaṇa and the nakṣatra śravaṇa were held so important are obsoure, 809-810; time for, variously stated, 807-810. Upakosala, pupil of Sītyakāma Jābala, 307, 329, 349n, 406. Upakruṣṭa, 74; authorized to perform consecration of Vedic fires, 74. Upamāuyāja, procedure of, 1062. Upanayana (see under 'brahma-cārin', 'brahmacarya', 'patita-sāvitrika', 'Veda study'), 268-415; a child may sot and eat as it likes before, 188; auspicious times for, 276-278; characteristic features of, in Atharvaveda, 270; characteristic features of, in Śat. Br., 271; foremost of saṁskāras, 189; goes back to Indo-Iranian period, 268; had to be performed again for going to Arāṭṭaka and other Bāhika countries, 16; if till latest age no upanayana performed, tho person became patitasāvitrīka, 376; latest age for, according to varṇa, 376; makes a man as if born again, 189; Medhāj anana rite performed on 4th day after upanayana, 305–306; nivīta mode of wearing when required, 288; of the blind, deaf and dumb etc., 297–298; of mixed castes, 299; of trees, 299–300; order of the several rites in, different in works, 286; origin and development of, 268–274; person entitled to perform the u. of a boy, 278; prācīnāvīta mode of wear- ing, when required, 288; procedure of, in Āśvalāyana, 281–283; proper age for, in the case of different varṇas, 274–276; upavīta mode of wearing, 289, 290n; whether year of, calculated from conception or birth, 275; when performed again, 392.
Upaniṣads, 105, 247, 319, 353, 354, 480; Ekhyūnas in, 1232n; distinguish between lesser and greater good, 9–10;
Upaniṣkramaṇa, 196.
Upapataka: not kindling or keeping up śrauta or gṛhya fire was, 685; teaching Veda with a prior stipulation for money is, 361.
Uparavas, 1154–1155; digging of four round holes in Agniṣṭoma called uparavas, 1154; wooden board covered with hide placed on, for pressing soma, 1157–1158.
Uparicara Vasu, started Indramaha Festival, 826.
Upasad, 1151–1152; is an iṣṭi, 1151; mantras in, refer to sieges of iron, silver and gold cities, 1152; nine sāmidhenī verses of, 1151; offerings made to Agni, Soma, Viṣṇu and other āhutis with 'yā te' &c., 1151; procedure of, is like upāṁśuyāja, 1152.
Upasamgrahaṇa (clasping the feet and bowing), rules about, 335.
Upavedas, 354; four, 355.
Ūrdhvapuṇḍra (mark on fore- head), 673; fingers employed in making, 673; marks made on twelve parts of the body, 673; marks made with Gopicandana, 673; shape of, 673; clay to be employed in making, 673; marks branded on the body with heated metal pieces by followers of Madhvācārya, 674; run down by Pāśupatas, 673.
Usages (see ‘custom’), peculiar to South according to Bauḍ Dh. S., 765; peculiar to the North, one of which was drinking of rum by brāhmaṇas, 795; to be learnt from women, 201ṇ
Uśanas, 54, 71, 73, 76, 78, 79, 85, 187, 548, 667n; forbids a brāhmaṇa widow to burn herself after her husband's body is cremated else- where, 627; on the avocations of sub-castes, 58.
Uṣasti Cākrāyaṇa, story of, 440, 758.
Uṣavadatta, donations of, 1130, 388n, 856.
Uśīnara, country of, 13, 328; centre of Aryan culture, 13.
Utkara, 984; position of, 1035ṇ
Utsarga (dedication to the public)- see under 'pratiṣṭhā'; distinguished from dāna, 893.
Utsargamāyūkha, 895.
Utsarjana (cessation of annual Veda study), 197, 815–818; a saṁskāra, 197; cessation of Veda study on, 399, 816; now performed on same day as upākarma, 817; procedure of, in ancient times, 816; procedure of, in modern times, 817–818; rite of, gradually faded away, 817; time of, divergence about, 815– 816. Uttarakuru, country of, credited with having promiscuity of sexual relations in the time of the Mahābhārata, 428. UttaraRāmacarita, 119, 403, 579n, 927. Utthāna, a saṁskāra, according to some, 196, 237. Utthāpiniyaḷ (verses), 618.
Vad, Rao Bahadur, 972ṇ Vaidehaka, 57, 95–96; a pratiloma caste, 57, 95; one of the antya- vasāyins, 70. Vaidyanātha, author of Smṛtimukta- phala, 462. Vaijayantī, coṃ on Satyāṣāḍha- śrauta-sūtra, 1009ṇ Vaikhānasam: means ‘vānaprastha’ in sūtras, 418; said in the Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa to be favourite of Indra, 418. Vaikhanasa-śāstra, treated of the duties of the forest hermits, 917. Vaikhānasam-smārtasūtra, 54, 72, 73, 79, 80, 85, 131n, 194, 195, 196, 233, 236 &c. Vaiśālī, capital of Licchavis, 85. Vaiśvajina homa, in Agniṣṭoma, 1158.
Vaiṣṇava saints, 177; sectarians, following only Vaidika cult, or following Tantrika cult only, or both, 675; two schools of Vaiṣṇavas, viz. Vaikhānasas and Pāñcarātri- kas, 917. Vaiśvadeva (see under ‘baliharaṇa’), 741–748; comprises, according to some devayajña, bhūtayajña and pitṛyajña, 741; deities of, 741–742; duty to give food even to dogs and caṇḍālas at time of, 116; per- formed twice daily in old times, 742; performed only once daily in medieval and modern times, 742; procedure of, 742–743; to be offered in gṛhya fire or ordinary fire, 741; taking food without performing condemned, 745; whether puru- ṣārtha only, 743; whether to be performed before śrāddha or after, 743–744; who was to cook food for, 744–745. Vaiśvadeva: the first of the Cātur- māsyas, 1092–1095; āmikṣā or payasyā offered to All Gods in, 1092; begun on morning of first full moon day after agnyādheya, 1092; nine prayājas and nine anuyājas in 1093–1094; three additional offerings in, 1092; vājina offered to deities called Vājins, 1094. Vaiśvakarmaṇa, offerings in Mṛ- dhyandinasavana, 1190. Vaiśvānara, iṣṭi for, on birth of a son, 229. Vaiśvānara-vidyā, taught by king Aśvapati to five brāhmaṇas, 106ṇ Vaiśya, characteristics of, in Vedic works, 41–42; exceeded others in numbers, 41; had numerous cattle, 42; may in difficulties maintain himself by doing work of śūdra, 120; paid taxes, 42; pravaras of, 494–495; to be subsisted upon by others, 41–42; word does not occur in Ṛgveda, 27. Vājapeya: animals sacrificed to Prajāpati in V. are 17, 1206; dialogue between sacrificer and his wife in 1209; fees at end of V., 1210–1211; horses yoked to chariots in race smelt boiled wild rice, 1208; lasted for 17 days, 1206; number 17 predominates in many features of, 1206; observances of one who has performed V., 1210; race of 17 chariots described, 1206, 1207– 1209; performed only by brāhmaṇas and kṣatriyas who wanted eminence or overlordship, 1207; 17 oups of soma and 17 of surā, 1206; seventeen drums were simulta- neously beaten, 1206; stotras and śastras, 17 of each,1206; wine cups, offered in V. are given to those who took part in the race, 1209; yūpa was 17 aratnis in height in, 1206. Vaitaraṇī: cow, donated by a dying man is so called, 879; a river in Yama's region which the dead have to cross, 879. Vājaprasavīya, a rite in Agnicayana, 1254ṇ Vājasaneya saṃhitā, 39n, 43, 95, 125, 139, 148, 213, 233, 282n &c. Vājina, offered to deities called Vājins in Vaśvadeva-parvan, 1094; priests only smell remnants of v. and sacrificer eats them, 1094; what is, 1092ṇ Vākāṭaka kings, were brāhmaṇas by varṇa but married kṣatriya princesses, 449. Vākyabheda, a fault, 590. Vallabhācārya, author of bhāṣya on Vedāntasūtra, 949; holds saṁ- nyāsa forbidden in Kali, 949. Vāmadevī, ṛk., 728. Vāmadevya-sāman, 996n, 1184; ver- ses of, 1184. Vāmana, regarded as avatāra of Viṣṇu by Kālidāsa, 724. Vāmanapurāṇa, 11, 215, 346n, 511, 647, 649, 666, 688, 737, 923. Vanaparva, 2n, 7, 14n, 61, 63n, 82, 88, 101, 215, 294, 324n, 439 &c. Vanaprastha (forest hermit), 917- 929; classifications of, 922-923; could beg for his food, according to Yājñavalkya, 920; difference of, from saṁnyāsin, 928-929; has to bathe twice or thrice a day, 920; has to give up all village food and subsist on forest produce, such as flowers, fruits, roots, 920; may start on the great journey or enter water or fire when too old or in- firm, 922; partakes of food only once a day or fasts for long periods, 921; practises severe austerities such as standing in summer in midst of five fires, 921; royal personages became, 923; should live a life of complete con- tinence and friendliness to all, 920; should perform the five daily yajñas, 920; should study Upani- ṣads, 922; some of the duties of, practically same as for saṁnyāsins, 926; śūdra could not be, 923; takes with him his śrauta and gṛhya fires according to some, 919; time for becoming, 918; vaikhānasa was the ancient word for, 917 wife may accompany or may be left in charge of son, 918. Vandin, a caste, 94. Varāhagṛhya, 246, 250, 260, 302, 355, 433, 434, 437. Varāhamihira, 217, 579, 628, 722. Varāha-purāṇa, 158, 198, 720, 725, 878, 879, 880. Varāha-śrauta-sūtra, 1075n, 1220ṇ Varāṭa, an antyaja, 95. Vāravantīya-sāman, 996ṇ Vardhamānasūri, author of Ācāra- dinakara, 321. Varṇa, 19-104; arises by birth only, according to most smṛtis, 51-52 Āryas and dāsas were both called varṇa in the Ṛgveda, 25; associated with metres in Brāh- maṇa works, 34; distinguished generally from jāti, 54-55; even gods deemed to have v. among them, 42; evolved by actions of people, 101; ideal of v. lays most emphasis on duties than on privi- leges, 54; meaning of, in Ṛgveda, 25; men of three higher varṇas to live only in certain countries, 15 not applied to brāhmaṇa and kṣa- triya in Ṛgveda, 27; system of v. had taken deep root in Brāhmaṇa period, 42; theory of, in smṛtis, presupposes certain propositions, 51-52; theory of, was based on several principles, 137; theory of, whether only a theory even in ancient times, 47. Varṇa-dharma, meaning of, 2. Varṇas: duties of Veda study, Vedic sacrifices and making gifts enjoin- ed on all three, 105; means of livelihood of the three, 106; only four and no fifth, 167; privileges and duties of, occupy large space in dharmaśāstra works, 105. Varṇasaṁkara, applies to both anuloma and pratiloma progeny, 60; causes of, 60; had gone too far in the Mahābhārata times, 61; meaning of, 59. Varṇāśramadharma, 3. Varṣakriyākaumudī, 156ṇ Varṣavardhana (vide abdapurti) : a saṁskāra, 196, 258-260. Vārtikas of Kātyāyana on Pāṇini, 93, 98, 242n, 251, 340, 371, 714. Varuṇa, vide under buruḍa, 95. Varuṇa: lord of waters even in the Ṛgveda, 667, 890; lord of the west, 890; spoken of as upholder of vrata, 39ṇ Varuṇapraghāsa, 1095-1100; avabhṛtha (bath) by priests, sacrificer and wife on conclusion of rite, 1099; etymology of, in Śat. Br., 1095; four additional offerings in this rite, 1096; performed four months after Vaiśvadeva on full moon day of Āṣāḍha or Śrāvaṇa, 1095; pots of karambha and figures of a ram and ewe got ready, 1095-1096; two altars prepared to east of āhavanīya, one to north and the other to south in charge of adhvaryu and pratiprasthātṛ respectively, 1095; wife had to confess if she had a paramour and in spite of confession was allowed to participate in, 575-576, 1098. Varuṇī, verses, 317n, 955, 957ṇ Vāsaṭkāra, 1058-1059; pronouncing of, was a mystic matter, 1059; to be uttered only by day, 1059; uttered at end of all yājyās and in anuyājās, 1058. Vasiṣṭha, cow of, carried away by Viśvāmitra, 41. Vasiṣṭha, dharmasūtra of, 1, 6n, 10, 13, 34n, 55, 59, 61, 67, 278 &c. Vasiṣṭha, 226; subdivisions of gotra of, 490. Vāsiṣṭhiputra Siri-puḷumāyi, 61. Vasordhārā, a rite in Agnicayana, 1253ṇ Vāstoṣpati, a god, 834ṇ Vāstu-pratiṣṭhā (construction and occupation of a new house), 833-836; examining the site for a building, 833; procedure of vāstu-yajña, 834-835; v. yajña has to be performed five times in relation to a house, 834. Vāstuśānti, 834; procedure of, 835. Vasudeva (father of Kṛṣṇa): wives of, burnt themselves with his dead body, 621. Vasudeva, was not according to Patañjali, a mere kṣatriya, but an avatāra, 710. Vasudeva (soe under 'Viṣṇu'): is charged with having married his maternal uncle's daughter, 459-460; is said in the Mahābhārata to have had 16000 wives, 553; images of, worshipped in times of Pāṇini, Mānavagṛhya, Āp. Dh. S., Gaut. and others, 709-710; said to have been drunk with wine along with Arjuna, 795-796. Vasudevopaniṣad, 673. Vātsyāyana, author of Kāmasūtra, 9, 367. Vātādhāna, a caste, 95. Vatsa, 520ṇ Vatsapra, a hymn, 233, 1006, 1249. Vāyupurāṇa, 2n, 17, 66n, 87, 99, 302, 308, 314n, 323n, 325n, 355, 381, 445 &c.; on gotras and pravaras, 484; recitation of, to Bāṇa, 800. Veda (see ‘hymns’): become latent at dissolution and manifest at creation of world, 353; breath of the Great Being, 353; eternity of, interpreted in several ways, 353; memorizing of, most highly thought of in medieval times, 358; means mantras and Brāhmaṇa works, 352; one who merely commits to memory without understanding it, strongly condemned, 357; meaning of, cannot be known according to some orthodox brāhmaṇas, 358; not to be allowed to be forgotten, 358; śākhās of, 354n; sellers and writers of, severely condemned, 349; study of, destroys sin, 358; study of, till godāna saṁskāra allowed by Bhāradvāja, 352; study of, first duty of every dvijāti, 327, 356; study of, included knowledge of its meaning, 356; study of, in- volves five things, 357; whole uni- verse is supposed to emanate from, 352-353. Vedas: deemed to be eternal and not composed by any human author, 352; emphasis on the correct ac- centuation of, 347; endless in ex- tent, according to Tai. Br., 271; eulogy of the study of, 327; extent of, according to Mahābhāṣya, 327; four, 327; japa of some hymns of, purifies man of his sins, 350; method of teaching, 325-326; one may study only one of the v. that was studied by his forefathers, 328; originally father taught son, 108, 273; repeating veda in pada, krama, jaṭā formations, 347; revi- ling of, a great sin, 359; study of, is called tapas by Tai. Up., 356, 105-108; study of, the highest dharma of a brāhmaṇa, 107-108; study of, to be preferred if in con- flict with agriculture, 125; teach- ing of, special privilege of brāh- maṇas 108-110. Vedāṅgas, six, 354, 323n, 768. Vedāṅgajyotiṣa, 28 nakṣatras in, 247. Vedāntakalpatarumāla, 917n, 936, 963ṇ Vedāntasāra, a work, 961ṇ Vedāntasūtra, 32n, 36, 83, 155n, 166n, 316, 352, 353n, 354n, 356, 422, 424, 712n, &o. Vedi, construction of, in darśapūrṇa- māsa, 1034-1037; construction of, in paśubandha, 1112-1113; eastern corners of, are called aṁsa, 1034n; H. D. 170 figure of, compared to a young lady's, 1034n; making an uttara- vedi with earth from cātvāla, 1112- 1113; measurements of, 1034n; measurements of, in paśubandha, 1112; on uttaravedi a square hole called nābhi is prepared, 1113; sphya used in sweeping, 1035; western corners are called śroṇi, 1034ṇ Veda-vrata, 370-374; saṁskāra accord- ing to Gautama, 370; names and procedure of four vratas differed, 370; went out of vogue, 373. Veda-Vyāsa, 15, 71, 76, 78, 79, 81, 159, 194, 196, 437, 559, 563, 627 &c.; enumerates twelve castes as antyajas, 71. Vedic Index, 107n, 499, 509n, 554n, 608n, 707, 1106. Vegetables, allowed and forbidden as food, 583-584; touch of certain, entailed bath, 170. Velava, a caste, 95. Veṇa (or Vaiṇa), a caste, 95. Veṇisaṁhāra, a drama, 296. Veṇuka, a pratiloma caste, 95. Veśyā, (courtezan), 637-639; consti- tutes a separate class according to Skandapurāṇa, 638; institution of, existed from the times of Ṛgveda, 637; origin of, in Skandapurāṇa, 638; punishment for having inter- course with a concubine kept by another, 638. Vicitravīrya (see under ‘Vyāsa’), 603; protege of Bhīṣma, married at the same time two daughters of king of Kāśī, 501n, 523. Videgha Māthava, story of, 12. Vidura, possessed knowledge of brahma, though a śūdra, 36, 156; was buried as an ascetic, 945. Vidūra, the progeny of him who leaves off saṁnyāsa became cāṇḍālas and are called, 947. Vidyārambha, a saṁskāra, 197, 265-267. Vidyāraṇya, 391. Vidyārņava, 195ṇ Vidyās, fourteen or eighteen, 355. Vidyāsūkta, 107, 330. Vihayya, hymn, 1011. Vijñanman, (same as Kāruṣa) 95. Vikramāṅka-devacarita, 524. Village (grāma), king to appoint headman for a, 868. Vināśana, place where Sarasvatī disappeared, 14, 14ṇ Vināyaka (see under Gaṇeśa): Ambikā mother of, 214; mentioned in Mānavagṛhya, 214; rite for propitiating, 214; said to be four or six, 214; stages in cult of 214-215. Vipaś, river in Ṛg., 12. Virajā-homa, in taking saṁnyāsa, 959; procedure of, 959. Viramitrodaya, 70, 71n, 151, 198n, 349n, 508, 600n, 643, 915. Virāsana, a yogic posture, 957. Virāṭparva, 494, 626. Virtues, why to be cultivated, 7-8. Viṣṇu (see under 'avatāra', 'Vāsu-deva'): earliest detailed descrip- tion of worship of, 726-727; flowers recommended in worship of, 732; four vyūhas (aspects) of, 917, 964; gradation in merit secured by offering flowers of various kinds to, 732; made earth steady, 719; Mahābhārata teaches identity of Śiva and, 725; names of, taken in ācamana, 653; one thousand names of, 715-716; supposed to go to sleep and be awakened respectively on the 11th of the bright half of Āṣāḍha and Kārtika, 396; ten avatāras of 717- 724; took three steps, 719; twelve names of, associated with twelve months, 250; twelve names of, in devapūjā, 728; twenty-four names of, in sandhyā, 315 and n; ūrdhva- puṇḍra mark made on twelve parts of body after taking twelve names of, 673. Viśvabali, a saṁskāra, 196, 226-227. Viśnudharmasūtra, 9, 11, 15, 52n, 53, 56, 58, 67, 75, 219, 247n, 293n, &c. is the first sūtra to recommend self-immolation to widows, 626. Viśnudharmottara, 112n, 266n, 713, 715, 725, 842, 858. Viṣṇukramas, 1083, 1218. Viṣṇu-purāṇa, 6n, 9n, 17, 93, 158n, 189n, 251n, 355n, 359n, 380, 395, 438, &c. Visuva (when day and night are equal) 395-396. Viśuvat, day in Gavām-ayana, 1240 and ṇ Viśvacakra, a mahādāna, 876. Viśvajit sacrifice: one cannot give away one's wife and children in, 508, 850; one gives away every- thing in, 46, 1212n; performer of, had to stay in a settlement of niṣādas for some time, 46, 481, 1212n; performer of, had to stay with brāhmaṇas of same gotra for a year, 480; sovereign cannot make a gift of whole earth in 850, 865; śūdra who merely serves as a duty cannot be given away, 850. Viśvakarman Bhauvana, made a gift of the earth to his priest Kāśyapa, 840. Viśvāmitra: became priest of Tri-śaṅku, 109; carried off cow of Vasiṣṭha, 41; cursed his fifty disobedient sons to be Andhras, Puṇ-ḍras and Śabaras, 47; sub-divisions of gotra of, 490; treated Śunaḥśepa as his son, 47. Viśvarūpa: had three heads, 792-793; Indra killed, 147, 801; purohita of gods, 40. Viśvarūpa, 11th chapter of the Bhagavadgītā is so called, 962. Viśvarūpa, coṃ of Yājñavalkya, 14n, 15, 45, 54, 58, 59, 141, 150, 159, 205, 239, 268n, 304n &c.; held to be identical with Sureśvara, 944; views of, in coṃ on Yājñavalkya are opposed to view of Bṛ. Up. bhāṣyavārtika, 944. . Viśvāvāsasamūcāyas, 456ṇ Vitahavya, a king, became a brāhmaṇa, 496. Vitaraṇī 14ṇ Vitasti, a measure of length, 209ṇ Vivādaratnākara, 66n, 580n, 872. Vivāha, 197. Vīvasvat, a smṛtikāra, 926ṇ Vratas (see under Veda-vratas): as saṁskāras, 197, could be performed by śūdras, 159. Vrātīka, a vedavrata for brahmacārin, 371. Vrātyas, 96, 376; could be purified even after twelve generations, 387; glorified in Atharvaveda, 386; meaning of, in Baudāyana and others, 59, 96; what they were like, 386. Vrātya-stoma: described from Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa, 385; for purifying patitasūtrīka, 377. Vrātyatāprāyaścittanirṇaya, a work of Nāgēśa, 381, 953. Vrātyatā-śuddhisamgraha, 385. Vṛddha-Gārgya, 276. Vṛddha-Gautama, 101, 117, 126, 314n, 349, 355, 651, 677, 732, 846, 895, &c. Vṛddha-Hārīta, 121, 126, 148, 170, 176, 292n, 293n, 302, 315, 320, 563, 567n, 584 &c. Vṛddha-Manu, 206n, 605, 760. Vṛddha-Vasiṣṭha, 653. Vṛddha-Yājñavalkya, 169, 384. Vṛtti (means of livelihood): five kinds of, according to Manu, 130; ten kinds of, according to Baudhāyana, 130. Vyādha, a caste, 96. Vyāghrapāda, 174, 651. Vyāhṛtihoma, 199ṇ Vyāhṛtis, 301ṇ Vyāsa, a oirājivin, 648; advised Yudhiṣṭhira to perform Aśvamedha, 1237-1238; was appointed to raise issue from the widows of Vīcitravīrya, 603, 605. Vyāsa, 174n, 236, 313n, 324n, 356, 357, 471, 646, 760 &c.; four pupils of, 964; on rules about grants of land, 861. Vyātipāta, one of the 27 yogas, 852ṇ Vyāvahāramayūkha, 151, 186, 462, 470, 500, 509, 714n, 860n, 866, 1107ṇ Vyuṣṭi-dvīrātra, two rites called V. in Rājasūya, 1222.
Water: for arghya, how mixed, 731; is to be touched after reciting a mantra referring to evil spirits or touching one’s body etc., 1023n; rules about, to be employed in worship of gods, 730-731. Wealth: divided by Nārada into three kinds, 130; kṛṣṇa, what is, 130; śābala, 130; śukla, 130; three modes of acquisition of, common to all, 130; three special modes of acquisition of, for each of the three higher varṇas, 130. Weapons, eight, 876ṇ Weber, 722n, 977, 1223ṇ Well, dedication of, to public, procedure of, 890–892. Westermarck, 160, 165n, 180, 487, 509, 606, 625. Widow (see ‘divorce’ and ‘remarriage’): burning of, among Greeks and Scythians, 624n, 625; did not apply eye-salve and simply tied her hair, 584; duties of, 583–587; entitled only to maintenance in joint Hindu family except in Bengal, 635; gotra of, at time of remarriage, 614; had greater power of alienation for spiritual benefit of husband, 889; had no right to succeed to sonless husband in ancient times, 581–582; kṣatriya, did not tonsure her hair, 589; not to chew betel leaves nor to take meals in vessel of bell metal, 584; position as to property improved by recent legislation, 586–587; remarriage of, 608–617; right of widow, to maintenance, 586; sight of, most inauspicious (except of one’s mother ), 585; tonsure of, among brāhmaṇas, 587–593; tying up of hair into braid by, leads to bond- age of deceased husband, 585; was to take only one meal a day, 585. Wife (see ‘husband’, ‘marriage’, ‘pativratā’): cannot desert even a patita husband, 620–621; conduct proper for wife, whose husband has gone abroad, 565–566; co-ope- rates with husband in sacrifices, 429, 556; could not lodge a com- plaint against husband and vice versa, 574; could not perform sacrifices or vratas independently of husband, 559; does in sacrifices only those acts which she is ex- pressly authorized to do, 1000n; duties of 562–565; eldest wife to co-operate in religious matters with husband or wife of same caste, 684; eulogy of, 428–429, 575; goal of the life of woman was declared to be to marry and procreate sons, 561; foremost duty to obey hus- band and honour him as god, 561– 562; grounds on which in modern times wife can refuse to reside with husband, 570; is girt up with a cord in śrauta rites to make her fit for participation, 1040n; is half of a man, 428, 584; is the home, accord- ing to Ṛgveda, 428; lenient and harsh punishments for adultery of, 575; man not complete without wife, 428; mutual rights and duties of husband and wife, 556–582; no ownership of husband in, 508; no separation between husband and, 429; not liable for husband’s debts, 573; part of, in śrauta sacrifices became less and less, 1000n; play- ed a very subordinate part in sacrifices, 367–368; property of, free from control of husband, 573; punishment of, for adultery, 571– 572; rewards promised to chaste wife, 566–567; rights of residence in husband’s house and mainte- nance, 568; rules for precedence among several wives, 559–560; śūdra wife not to be associated with, in religious rites by dvijāti husband, 559; was cremated with the vedic fires and sacrificial uten- sils of husband if she died before husband, 558; was to learn vedic mantras required in sacrifices from her father or husband, 1041n; was to be guarded from lapse by devo- tion to her and not by beating her, 569; was to look into the clarified butter to be offered in sacrifices and to repeat a mantra, 1042; wealth acquired by, belongs to husband according to Manu, 507; what wife was to do when husband went abroad for many years, 612– 613; wife who drinks liquor may be abandoned, 797. Williams, Prof. Monier, 195ṇ Wills, germ of, in Kātyāyana’s rules about gift to a brāhmaṇa promised but not carried out, 887–888; in favour of brāhmaṇas or religious institutions not made in India, 118. Wilson, Dr. John, 103n, 175, 509ṇ Wilson, Prof. H. H., 625n, 635n, 722n, 948n, 949ṇ Wine, see ‘drinking’. Winternitz, Dr. 215, 446, 509n, 583n, 604n, 607, 608ṇ Witness: brāhmaṇa could not be cited by a non-brāhmaṇa as, unless he had attested a document, 152; to be sworn before images of gods, 709; who could not be cited as, 152. Wives of Gods: Patnīsamyāja offer- ing to, is made in a screened space, 1077; region of, is to west of gārhapatya in sacrifices, 1041ṇ Women (see ‘gotra’, ‘marriage’): and education, 365–368; and upa- nayana, 294–296; as composers of Vedic hymns, 365; as teachers, 366; by marriage enter husband’s gotra, 463; charged, in smṛtis with serious moral defects, 577–578; could become vānaprastha, 923; defence of women by Varāha, 579; dependence of, 577; deserve honour according to the ages of their husbands, 342; estimate of character of, 574–581; marriages of, performed with vedic mantras, 295; names of five holy women to be taken every morning, 648; not to be killed for any reason (ex- cept in one or two cases ), 575, 593–594; not treated with contempt everywhere in Indian Literature, 511; position of, 574–578; position of, became assimilated to that of śūdras, 594; privileges of, 595-596; punishment of cutting the nose or ear for adultery by, 594; purifica- tion of, when raped, 575; rights of, to property increased in medi- eval times, 581-582; rules about showing honour to, 342-343; rules for women when in their monthly illness, 803-805; sarcastic references to, even in Vedic times, 368,575, 576; sight of, in a dream, very auspicious, 511; women sages in tarpaṇa, 691; status of, as to education better in ancient times, 365-366; two classes of, 294; usages and unwritten dharma to be learnt from, 367; were assigned position of dependence, 367; were equated with śūdras 367-368; were to be taught certain vedic mantras, 300, 366-367; where women honoured gods love to dwell, accor- ding to Manu, 511; whether w. wore yajñopavīta, 294-296. Word, relation of, to sense is eternal, 352. Works, of public utility, highly com- mended, 889–890. Yadus, 39. ##Yāga (see under yajña): constituted by dravya, devatā and tyāga, 983; distinguished from homa and dāna, 71422, 983. ##Yajña: five operations to be per- formed on the śāvaṇtya mound in all iṣṭis or other rites,986; fundamental conception of, goes back to Ind-European antiquities, 978; legend that Yajña escaped from gods and wandered about as a black antelope, 102623, 1166; madhuparka offered to priests in, 543; main features of, evolved even in times when Ṛgveda was composed, 980; many words connected with yajña common to Vedic and Parsi books, 778; pātras (utensils) required in, 98524. ##Yajñatanu, 33 offerings on last day of Agniṣṭoma, 1161. ##Yājñavalkya (see under Janaka): and cow's flesh, 773; and Gārgī, 365-366; and Janaka, 181, 365; and Maitreyī, 365, 930; had two wives, 551, 930; learnt from king Janaka, 105; left home, wives and began to beg when he became parivrā- japa, 930. ##Yājñavalkya-smṛti, 3, 10, 18, 45, 5225, 53, 54, 55, 57, 64, 73 &c. ##Yājñayajñīya-sāman, 996, 1185; also called Agniṣṭomasāman, 1195; last stotra in Agniṣṭoma, 1195; sacri- ficer's wife is brought near udgātr̥ who looks at her and asks her to go, 1195. ##Yājñikadeva, coṃ of Kātyāyana- śrauta-sūtra, 109226. ##Yajñopavīta (see under ‘kṣatriyas’, ‘women’): devatās of the strands of, 292; history of, from ancient times, 287-291; how manufactured, 292, 296-297; kṣatriyas and vai- śyas wore in 17th century, 292; length of, 292; mantra at time of putting on, occurs in Bauḍ Gr. first, 284; many sūtakāras say not a word about it in upanayana, 284; manufactured by maiden to be preferred to one by a widow, 29127; material from which to be manufactured, 292; mode of wear- ing sacred thread in tarpaṇa, 690-692; number of, differed according to circumstances, 292-293; prāyaścitta for loss of, 374; procedure of putting on, 297 and n; religious acts done without wearing y. became futile, 293; taking meals without wearing, made one liable to expiation, 293; whether women wore, 294-296. Yajuṣpavitra, is a mantra 378n, 728. yajña (offering prayer), 1058-1059; is preceded by 'ye yajamāhe' and followed by vaṣaṭkāra, 1059. Yama, 60, 70n, 81, 89, 91, 110, 127n, 216n, 217, 251, 256, 260 etc. Yama (God of death): river Vaitaraṇī in his realm, 879; tarpaṇa of 695. Yamunā, mentioned in Ṛg., 12; invoked in a verse repeated in Sīmantonnayana, 224ṇ Yāska (see under Nirukta also), 26n, 75, 582, 1105, 1118ṇ Yati (see under Muni): heads of yatis became date palms according to Tai. S. 419; Indra is said to have thrown y. to the wolves, 419; Indra is said to have taken three yatis under his protection, 419; meaning of, in Ṛgveda, 418-419. Yatidharmasaṁgraha, 931, 933, 947. Yaugandharī, king, song in praise of, at Sīmantonnayana, 224. Yavanas, 92-93; generally associated with Śakas, 93; Manu on, 47; meaning of, disputed by scholars 384; occur frequently in Mahābhārata, 384; mention of, in inscriptions, 384; pratiloma caste according to some, 92; regarded as śūdras by Patañjali, 93; rules of conduct prescribed for, by Mahābhārata, 384; women of, in the harem of Jayadratha, 93, 384; referred to as Yona by Aśoka, 93, 384. Yavanānī, meaning of, 93, 383. Yayāti, became a vānaprastha and died by fasting, 923. Yayāvara, a class of householders, 641n, 642. Yogapaṭṭa, for a saṁnyāsin, 962. Yogasūtra, 301n, 317. Yoga-Yājñavalkya, 312n, 313, 314, 317, 658n, 663, 668n, 694, 849. Yona, referred to by Aśoka in his edicts, 93. Yuan Chwang, a Chinese traveller, 369. Yudhiṣṭhira, gotra of, was Vaiyāghrapādya, 494; name of, to be taken on getting up, 648; Rājasūya performed by, 1222; Aśvamedha performed by, 1237-38. Yugas, four, viz. Kṛta, Tretā, Dvāpara and Kali, 837; prominent religious aspects respectively in the yugas, 837. Yugādi, anadhyāya on, 395. Yupa, the first days of the four, 395. Yūpa, 1110-1112; called pātņīvata in Aikādaśīna, 1132n; called upaśaya in Aikādaśīna, 1132n; head piece called caṣāla made from top portion of tree felled, 1111-1112; procedure of cutting tree for making yūpa, 1111; tbirteen yūpas in Aikādaśīna sacrifice, 1132n; to be made of palāśa, khadira, bilva or rauhītaka and in somayāga of khadira alone, 1110; views about length of, 1111.