General Index

Volume III pp. 1015–1082

General Index

558n Adam Smith 186n Ādhivedanika, a class of strīdhana 774 Adhyagni, a class of strīdhana 774 Adhyāvahanika, a kind of strīdhana 774, 775 Ādiparva 10, 22n, 30, 37, 42n, 43, 49, 59, 68, 78, 118, 134, 168, 177, 204, 205, 214–15, 222, 353n, 359n, 369n, 371n, 416, 609n, 640n, 642, 644, 645n, 675n, 682n, 845–847, 872, 896n, 937, 966 Ādipurāṇa 629, 928n, 939. Ādityapurāṇa 610n, 871, 885, 927, 928n, 939, 949. Ādityas, as observers of ṛta 415; twelve, 368. Adjournment of a suit, when allowed 296, 297. Adoption, age of boy to be taken in 679–680, an only son now allowed by courts to be taken in 676, Bom- bay High Court allows any one to be taken in, except a daughter's son, sister's son or mother's sister's son 683, boy of same caste to be taken in 675, boy must be taken in, before upanayana or marriage except in Bombay 681; boy to be taken in a. must be reflection of an aurasa son 682, ceremonies of 687– 689, confers same rights in adoptive family as those of an aurasa son 689–690, daughter may be taken in a acc to some writers 675, daugh- ter's son or sister's son may be taken in a on ground of custom 684; eldest son may now be taken in 677; foundation of the doctrine of 666; giving and taking of the boy is a necessary requisite of 687, gotra of natural family persists for certain purposes even after 695–697; if aurasa son born after a, the adopted son takes a lesser share 698, in the dvyāmūṣyāyaṇa form 685–687, male alone can be taken in 674–675, mother alone can give away her son in a if father be dead 666, mother cannot give away in a if she has remarried 667, objects of adoption 665–666, one who has no son, son's son or son's son's son can alone take in 667, only a man's widow can take a boy in a after his death 668; primary right to give in a is that of the father 666, principal matters discussed under 665, results of 689–699, severance from natural family not complete for all purposes 691–697, śūdras cannot take in a acc to Rudradhara aod Vācaspati 668, views ahoot wdnw's power to take in 668–669, whn can give a son in 666–667, who may be taken in 674–683, whn may take io 667–674 Adoption of Chuldreo Act (in Eogland) 699n Adultery 531–535, fine as pooishmeat for, when the adulteress is nf same caste or of a lower caste 533; prāya- ścitta fnr, varied at different times 946–947, puoishmeot of cutting the ears or nnse of a woman when award- ed for, 533, pooisbmeot of death fnr a paramour when awarded 533, puoish- ment nf light fine for a with a female ascetic, 534, some sages prescribe humane treatment of women for 533, 535, 615, 947, was only ao upapātaka except when a wuman had intercourse with a man of low caste, 615, 947 Agastya, story of, 53. Agoicayaona, a solemo Vedic rite, 180, 535 Agnihotra, hnw far forbıdden 10 Kali, 961 Agniporõaa, 13, 17n, 21o, 22, 45, 46, 48, 49h, 50–51, 59n, 60, 71, 77n, 78, 84n, 107, 111, 118, 120, 127, 132, 141, 160, 172, 179, 200, 208, 215, 217, 219, 224–227, 230, 231, 924. Agnistoma, 469 Agnivarña, queen of, sat oo the throne after him 41. Agriculture 51; great attention paıd tn 162, superiotendent of 147 Agricnltturists, exempted from arrest ın execution nf decrees ın modern times, 384. Ahalyā and Iodra 845–846. Ahicchatra, 8480 Aiholo Ioscription 896. Aila exacted excessive taxes and perıs- hed, 52 Aıūdrı Sūnts, 10 cornoation 79–80. Aitareya āraṇyaka 227. Aitareya brāhmaṇa, 20, 25, 41, 64–66; 73, 104, 117, 125n, 135, 190, 229, 414, 416, 543n, 544, 563–566, 588, 600n, 636, 641, 657n, 680, 710n, 845, 846, 877, 887, 933. Aıyagar, Prof. K V. Rangaswami, 9o, 15, 120, 629ṇ Aiyer, Mr Velandi Gopal, 897n, 900–01. Aja, son of Raghu, 101 Ajabindu, kıng nf Sauvira 52 Ajigarita 660 Aksapatala, office nf records and acceounts 143. Aksauhıñi, snbdivisiõns nf 204–205; total number of tronps in 204–205. Alherum 166, 376n Alchemy, as a means of fillıng royal treasury 189, 198. Alexander the Great 24, 103. Alıyasaotāna Law 560. Allies, see uoder mıtra, fear kınds of 216–217, may become eoemıes, ıf their ıoteresis so require 222, neces- sity nf makıog 216; qualities of frıendly 217 Alluvıoo and dıluvıoo, rules about 506. Amarakośa, 7, 470, 66, 1050, 121n, 124n, 133o, 1340, 138, 140n, 147n, 159n, 190, 419o, 454, 486, 491n, 527n, 754n, 778, 9100 Amātyas, see uoder 'mıoisters', three kınds nf 107. Amharısa, a kıng 53 Amhassadnr, see noder dūta. Āmbhıiyas, school nf, on Arthaśāstra 2. Amhmnne mantras 75. Amśumān, soo of Asamañja, 43. Anantadeva 13. Aoarcby, state of, ıo the dim past 244. Ancestral property, see order 'pro- perty', bas o tecbnıcal sense 576n, rules about, when lost to the famıly and reconvered by a sıngle member, 580–81 Aogıras, 394, 573, 868, 941. Angntarankāya 135. Anımals, fınes for causıng ınjory to or death to 516; owoers of certain a. not liable to fine or punishment for injury caused by them to crops or men, 501, 528 Anīmandavya, 255ṇ Anjana, Mr 20. Anu, mlecchas sprang from, 937 Anūbandhyā cow, sacrifice of, forbidden in Kali, 627-628, 941. Anuśāsanaparva, 2, 6, 8, 26, 37, 49, 53n, 59-61, 168, 243, 255n, 359n, 416, 421, 534, 576n, 578n, 598, 645n, 650, 652n, 703n, 708, 776n, 794, 845, 857, 875, 913, 914. Anuvāda, 705n, 712 Anvādheya, a class of strīdhana, 774. Anvikṣikī, meaning of, 46-47. Aparādhas, are ten, of which the king may take cognisance without any one's complaint, 264. Aparājita, a hymn, 75 Aparājita, a Sūlāra king, 196n Aparānta had very great rainfall, 147. Aparārka, 7, 10n, 17n, 38, 48, 96, 121n, 124n, 153, 156n, 159n, 247n, 248n, 255n, 259, 260, 270n, 272, 273, 275, 277n, 278n, 280, 286n, 287-88, 293, 294n, 297, 298n, 300n, 301, 304, 305, 310, 312, 313n, 314-15, 317-18, 321- 22, 323n, 326, 327n, 331, 332n, 333- 34, 337, 340-41, 344n, 347n, 348n, 349-351, 352n, 358n, 362n, 364n, 366, 380, 382n, 383, 387n, 403, 410n, 419n, 432n, 434n, 436n, 437n, 438n, 439n, 445n, 464n, 465-66, 467n, 468n, 473n, 479n, 483n, 485n, 499n, 500n, 501, 502n, 506, 507n, 508n, 509n, 511n, 514n, 517, 518n, 521n, 522n, 523n, 526n, 531n, 538n, 539- 40, 554n, 556n, 557, 560n, 563n, 572, 573n, 575n, 576n, 580, 582n, 583n, 584n, 586n, 587, 589n, 590n, 593n, 599, 607n, 609, 610n, 614, 621n, 623n, 624, 625n, 631n, 634n, 635, 636, 638n, 644, 652n, 653n, 655, 656, 659n, 664n, 702n, 703n, 712, 716, 725, 731, 734n, 735, 747n, 751n, 754n, 777n, 781, 784n, 786, 787n, 791n, 794, 803n, 807n, 817n, 840. 862n, 868n, 872n, 873, 882n, 905n, 926, 928-29, 932n, 939, 941-42, 943n, 950, 953, 958n, 959, 961n, 965. Āpastamba, dharmasūtra of, 1, 3, 9, 19, 23, 40, 41n, 44, 58, 60, 61n, 104, 117, 119, 167, 190, 194, 209, 211, 245, 246, 250, 271, 342, 351, 355, 360, 362, 387, 397, 402, 405, 417, 428, 438, 451, 478, 482, 486, 499, 500, 513, 524, 527-29, 535, 541, 543n, 564, 566, 567, 603n, 608, 613, 615, 618, 622, 623, 628, 643, 655, 657n, 702, 710n, 712, 714, 726n, 733, 754n, 762, 771, 803, 825, 827, 832n, 837, 845, 856, 858, 865-66, 868, 871, 880, 889, 926, 930n, 940, 948, 953-54, 957, 958, 963, 965. Āpastamba, gṛhyasūtra of 674n, 754n, 856, 879 Āpastamba - dharmasūtra specially studied by Taittirīyas 853. Āpastamba-mantrapāṭha 641n, 828n, Āpastamba, śrautasūtra of 28, 627n, 940, 952, 962. Āpastamba, versified smṛti of 534. Apaviddha son, definition of 647. Appearance, of parties to suits through agents 288, persons excused from personal a in court 286-287, persons excused from personal a. are not liable to āsedha 291 Apprentice, characteristics of 483. Apte, Prof. V M 245. Apūrva, due to performance of sacri- fices 839 Arājaha, meaning of 30-31. Aranyālañdā (of Rāmāyaṇa) 37n, 62ṇ Āratta, country of five rivers 88ṇ Arhat 871. Aristotle, on end of State 237. Arjuna, of the Haihaya dynasty 53. Arjuna, (a Pāṇḍava) digvijaya of 68; imparted Dhanurveda to his son Abhimanyu 49; married Subhadrā his maternal uncle's daughter 846; upbraided Bhīmasena for being enraged with Yudhiṣṭhura 42. Arjunayanas, were conquered by Samudragupta 89. Arms, superintendent of 145 Army, see under 'troops', consisted of four arms 202; doctors and surgeons of 208, formations of, in battle 208, eight elements of 206-208, organization of 203, regulations about the camp of an 207; results of the possession of a powerful 200, system of passes as to a camp of 207-208; troubles with a caused by thirty-three matters 233, vast, kept by Indian kings 203-204. Arrian, a Greek writer on India 89, 183, 901. Artha, meaning of 7; great emphasis laid on, by Kauṭilya, 9. Arthāpatti, a mode of proof 847. Arthaśāstra, a synonym for Dandaniiti 6, is drṣtārthasmṛti 7, 840, meaning of 6; relation of, to dharmaśāstra 8, was treated as an upaveda 10, 843n, writers on, did not shrink from giving cruel or immoral advice 12-13. Arthaśāstra of Kauṭilya, see under Kauṭilya; refers to several schools of and authors on rājadharma 2, sets the highest value on dharma 9, quoted on 2, 5n, 6-8, 10, 49n, 58n, 61, 95, 97, 105, 120, 121n, 207, 412, 434n, 477n, 503n, 617n, 621n, 644, 650n, 651n, 659n, 860n Arthavāda 712. Āryabhata, theory of, as to yugas 890, was born in 476 A. D. 895-896. Āryāvarta, limits of 137. Asahāya, commentator of Nāradasmṛti, 288, 334n, 379n, 442n, 619. Asamañja, eldest son of Sagara, was banished for his misdeeds 43. Asauca, period of impurity due to death, 492. Ascetic, see under 'yati' Āsedha, four kinds of 291; was restraint under king's order 291. Asoka, administrative system of 141; claimed to be a dharmavijayin emperor 69, constructed hospitals for men and animals 60, edicts of 183, 390, 406, 889, extent of the empire of 69, is said to have died destitute of power 103, irrigation works of 63, promulgated three days' respite for prisoners condemned to death 406, sent his son Kunāla to Taksasilā to pacify popular disturbances 116, subjects of the edicts of 100, was tolerant to all sects 881, very cruel in his youth acc. to Yuan Chwang 406, was sent to Taksasilā to pacify citizens 116. Āśramavāsaparva 8, 17, 37, 101, 168, 171, 180, 181, 201, 215, 217, 846, 847. Assam Labour and Migration Act 484. Assault, by men of lowest castes against respectable people to be punished with whipping then and there 514; causing injury to animals was included under 513; comprises touching, threatening to strike and actually striking 513; defined 513-514; three kinds of 513-514. Aṣṭakā śrāddha 828, 829, 940. Astras, science of 215 Astrologers, advice of, taken before starting on an invasion 228, were to urge on soldiers in a battle saying planets favoured their side 212. Astrology, views of Kruplya and Iājñavallja about relianer on 136. Āśvaghoṣa, author of Buddlicarva 5. Āśvalāyana, grihyasūtra of 118, 238, 641n, 689, 856, 879, 945n, 951 Āśvalāyana, śrautasūtra of 662n, 690n, 685n, 952. Aśvamedha, those joining in the 13t¹ of the king at end of, were purified of all sins 57, removed all sins, 57. Akamedhikaparva 53n, 112n, 135, 204, 906, 909 Aśvapati, king of Kekaya 162 Atatāyin, defined 517-518, six, some of views about ld¹ of re¹ defend a brāt¹rpa a a. 517, may be bi¹¹is defeoce of person or property if not a brāhmaṇa 9, 517 Atharva-Jyotiṣa 907n, 913. Atharvaśiras, Upaniṣad 119n Atharvaveda 28, 29, 32, 58n, 64, 75, 92, 119, 125n, 132, 135, 150n, 163, 213, 228, 361, 414, 415n, 519, 541, 544, 657n, 658, 660, 685n, 753n, 754n, 770n, 828n, 886, 887, 933. Atirātra sacrifice, taking of sodaśio cop in 863. Atoms, theory of 839. Ātreyi, meaning of 527ṇ Atri, gave to Aurva his only son in adop- tion 662–663. Atri, smṛti of 57, 59, 6420, 665, 668n, 948–49, 956, 958–59. Auditor 199 Aupajaṅhani 643. Aurasa, defined as the son of the wife of the same class as the husband’s 600n, 647, 655–56. Aurva, adopted Atri’s only son 662–663 Auśoasas, school of, oo Arthaśāstra 2, 48, 106 Auśanasa-smṛti 872, 934. Austin 554. Avakraya, meaolog of 494. Avaotivarman, kiog of Kashmir 100, 162. Avaruddhā (stri), meaioog of, discoss- ed 811–815; difference between bhujisyā and a 813. Avesti, a sacrifice that was an 1stt in Rājasūya 38, as ao iodepedeont sacrifice may be performed by a brāhmaṇa 38. Āvid, formula recited in tbe Rājasūya 64. Ayodhyā, description of aocioet 177. Ayodhyākāṇḍa 210, 29, 30, 42, 47n, 50, 70, 78, 101, 105, 107, 111, 112, 116, 127, 179, 206. Āyuṣya, a hymo 75. Babyloo 389. Bacon, Lord, coofessed to taking bribes 276. Bādhas, examples of 855. Bāhndantaka, said to be an abridgment of Brabmā’s work 4. Bābudantipotra 2. Bailments, care required in all kinds of 433. Bala (strength), five kiøds of 215; of iotellect is the best of all 215. Bālāditya, of Magadha, is saød to have defeated Mihirakula, 924n Bālaka, a predecessoR of Jīmūtavāhana 637, 719. Bālakāṇḍa (of tbe Rāmāyaṇa) 106, 107, 164 675n Bālambhaṭṭī, (a commentary) 43, 76, 553o, 569, 570o, 705o, 718, 726, 734n, 747, 755n, 757, 759, 762, 772n, 773n, 774n, 778o, 781, 790n, 791n, 793n, 814, 815. Bālarūpa, 718ṇ Ballālasena, kiog of Bengal 126 Balutedars, are village servants in the Deccan 156, 285. Bāṇa 69, 85, 115, 182, 229, 362. Banavāsī, a province of 12000 villages 139. Bandhus, are, acc. to Mit, bhloa- gotra sapundas 754; as heirs 753– 762; eoumeration of, in texts, is not exhaustive 755; female b are allowed to iņherit in Bombay and Madras Presidencies 762; rules of reference among 759–762; sapinda relationsbīp of b. extends according to P C. oṇly up to five degrees 757-759; several meaoiogs of 753n; succeed after samāṇodakas 754; test of religious efficacy when applied to succes- sion of bandbus 756; three classes of 755; treatment of, under the Dāyabhāga 760 Banerjee, Dr Gooroodas, author of ‘Marriage aod strīdhan’ 656n, 770, 772n, 798o. Banishmeot, os puṇishment for officers and jodges taking bribes 253, 404; as puṇishment for brāhmaṇa offeņ- ders 404; as puṇishment for perju- red brāhmaṇa witnesses, for those guilty of embezzlemẹt or of playiog with false dice 404; as puṇishment for witchcraft 406, as punishment for gambling in secret 540, often associated with branding 404. Bārhadratba dynasty 899. Bārhaspatyas, school of, on Arthaśāstra 2, 48, 106 Bārhaspatyasūtra, 13, 48, 80, 172, 240, 630ⁿ, 869. Barnes, Mr Harry E, on 'story of punishment' 255ⁿ, 388ⁿ. Barnett, Dr L. D. 146ⁿ. Barua, Dr. 94. Basak, Dr R. G., author of 'History of North-east India' 925ⁿ Battle, ancient procedure for making a king ready for 228-229, distribn- tion of booty acquired in 212, per- sons that were not to be attached in 209-210, rites to be performed by king before 212, victory in, doubt- ful 225 Baudhāyanadharmasūtra, specially stu- died by Taittirīyas 853 Baudhāyana, Dharmaśāstra of 27, 36, 154, 166, 175, 189, 194, 209, 250, 276, 331-43, 403-4, 417, 420, 443, 517, 526, 551ⁿ, 567, 573, 598, 608, 613, 614, 617, 623-24, 641ⁿ, 642ⁿ, 643-44, 655, 656ⁿ, 659, 660, 663, 668, 690ⁿ, 698ⁿ, 700, 702, 707, 712, 719, 736, 741, 746, 747ⁿ, 763, 771, 805, 832ⁿ, 856, 858, 866, 875, 878, 933, 938, 943, 954, 957, 959, 960, 963. Baudhāyana, gṛhyasesasūtra of 76, 135, 664ⁿ, 688. Baudhāyana-gṛhya-paribhāśā 642ⁿ Baudhāyana-pitṛmedha-sūtra 104. Baudhāyana, smṛti of 755, 793. Baudhāyana, śrautasūtra of 28, 61ⁿ. Bāverujātaka, 934. Beal's 'Buddahist Records of the Wes- tern World' 30, 40, 143ⁿ, 164, 204, 376ⁿ, 924ⁿ Benefit of doubt 360. Beni Prasad, Dr. 16, 31, 49, 91, 94, 117ⁿ. Berolzheimer on 'the World's Legal Philosophies' 15ⁿ, 245, 851ⁿ.

Best on 'Evidence' 331ⁿ, 338ⁿ, 356ⁿ, 359ⁿ. Bhaddiya, cousin of the Buddha was rājā of Kapilavastu at one time 90. Bhadradāhu, a great Jain sage connec- ted with Candragupta by Jains 102. Bhadrasena, a king killed in his queen's chamber 85 Bhagadatta, king of Prāgjyotiṣa 203, 937. Bhagavadgītā 8, 22, 57, 169, 211, 881. Bhāgavata purāṇa 24, 26, 60, 183, 627, 872, 873, 892, 896ⁿ, 897ⁿ, 899, 923-25 Bhaiṣajya mantras 75 Bhāmati, coṃ on Śaṅkara's Vedānta- sūtrabhāṣya 781ⁿ Bhandarkar, Prof D. R 16, 20, 90, 92, 103. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Insti- tute, Annals of 164, 245, 307, 316, 904 Bhandin, cousin of Harṣa, proposed the latter's election as king 31. Bharadvāja, exponnder of rājadharma 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 83, 232, views of criticized by Kauṭilya 12 Bharadvāja, gṛhyasūtra of 685ⁿ. Bharadvāja, or Bharadvāja, smṛti of 429-31, 441, 493, 496 Bhāraśivas, dynasty of 70, 76 Bharata, son of Duṣyanta, adopted Bharadvāja, a brāhmaṇa 675. Bhāratetihāsa-saṁśodhaka-mandala 81, 817 Bhāratasāvitrī, astronomical data in 909, 915, 917 Bharatavarṣa, aspirations to bring the whole of, under 'one umbrella' 137, dimensions of 67, is the first of the nine varṣas of Jambudvīpa 134, 935, is karmabhūmi (land of action) 134, king conquering whole of, is styled samrāṭ 67; Purāṇas wax eloquent over 137, regard for, as a unity from a religious point of view 137. Bhāruci 44, 393ⁿ, 451, 619. III { Bhāsa 211ṇ Bhāskarācārya 122ṇ Bhāskaravarman, Nidhānpur plate of 898. Bhat, Mr Bhaskar Vaman 378 Bhaṭārka, founder of Valabhī dynasty 202 Bhattacharya, Mr. Batuknath, 966 Bhattoji, author of a commentary on Caturvimśatimata 926n, 928n, 930, 940, 944, 949-50, 957, 961. Bhavabhūti 243 Bhavanāṭha, author of Nayaviveka 550n Bhāvaprakāśana 136 Bhaviṣyapurāṇa 7, 737n, 840, 844n, 873, 905n Bheda (an upāya) 174. Bhude, Prof H B 924n Bhikhhus, some of whom were styled dhammāpaṇihas 290 Bhīma 79, 172, 203, 210, 232, 937. Bhīṣma 79, advice of, to soldiers 58, had a golden tāla tree as flagstaff 208, performed Aśvamedha, though not married 845-46 Bhīṣmaparva 58, 135, 203, 205, 208-9, 211, 903, 905, 906, 908n, 909, 912, 915, 918-920, 922. Bhoja, author of Yuktikalpataru 13 Bhoja, see under Dāndakya 52 Bhojakas, held Veda unauthoritative 571. Bhojas, kings of Sātavatas in the south were so called after coronation 73, mentioned in Aśoka's Rock Edicts 65. Bhrigu 183, 282, 283. Bhrūhatyā, meaning of 813-814 Bhrūhīṣanā 69 Bible 36 Bihar and Orissa Research Society, Journal of 265, 892 Blasphemy Act (in England) 6160 Bluotechli 20, 237. Bombay Agriculturists Debtors Relief Act 425 Bombay Gazetteer 102, 198, 225, 268, 366n Bombay Pleaders' Act 290.

Bombay Regulations 290, 575n Borradaile 728-29 Boundary dispute 502-505, five kinds of, acc to Nārada 502-503; ling last resort in settling 505; proce dure for witnesses who were to define boundary in 503-504, several kinds of witnesses as to 504; single person was not ordinarily to under take to define boundary in 505 Brahmā, is deemed to have appointed Mano king 34, is said to have composed a work on the four puruṣārthas 4, 33 Brahmacarin, heirs of 764-765; of every varṇa forbidden to drink madya 965, sexual intercourse for bidden to 846, two classes of 764 Brahmacarya, for long periods, for bidden in Kali age 863-64 Brahmagupta 890, 896. Brāhmaṇa, can perform Aveśti as an independent sacrifice, though not in Rājasūya 38; could be sentenced to death, acc. to Kauṭilya and Kātyāyana, in certain cases 398-99, could wield arms in danger 517; empires and kingdoms 39; gifts made to a b. are inexhaustible treasure for the king 228, guilty of murder, theft of gold, forcible sei pure of land was to have his eyes covered over with cloth throughout life 397, guilty of perjury banished 352, killing an ātātāyin b not punishahle by king 518, learned, was exempt from taxation 190, liable to pay under a decree was given easy instalments and not made to work 384, limited authority of king over 25, living in Brahmāvarta, Kurukṣetra and a few other countries was to be looked up to by all as to actions and practices 137, may perform Vājapeya sacrifice for Svārājya 65, not to stay in a city, but in a village abounding in water, fuel, luśa 154, not to stay in the kingdom of a śūdra 39, offender not to receive corporal punishment, but may be banished 396, 522, 526; offender can be kept confined in a secret place 397, 398n; was forbidden from being a śamśr or selling soma plant 952; was forbidden to engage śūdras as cooks in Kali or eat at their houses 952-53, 958; was not to be a slave 484; wealth of heirless b. was not to eschew to the king but was to be given to other brāhmaṇas 762. Brāhmaṇahala, coṃ of Kāthakagṛhya 880. Brāhmaṇas, alone entitled to drink soma 952; hating, opposing and calumniating b. are indications of a man's approaching fall 228, not studying or expounding Veda or not keeping sacred fires become equal to śūdras 344n, punishment of death for h. forbidden in Kali 942, separating from their fathers against the latter's will were unfit to be invited at a śrāddha 566-567. Brāhmaṇaspati in the Ṛgveda 415. Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa 10, 892, 895n, 896n, 899-900. Brāhmapurāṇa 67, 75n, 82, 134, 135, 228, 234, 642n, 857, 890, 892, 895n, 896n, 923-24, 955, 966. Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta 896 n Brāhmasūtra, (see Vedāntasūtra), 725ṇ Brāhmayāmala, a Tantra 215. Brāhmī alphabet, origin of 306-307; why so called 308. Branding, as a punishment 403, 540; on the forehead with certain marks in the case of certain offences, if offender did not perform prāyaścitta 397, 403; practised in Rome and Britain against offenders 397, 403. Brew, Dr. J. M. 391. Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 97, 135, 162, 176, 613n, 641n, 643, 841, 957. Bṛhad-devatā, a work 42, 359n, 609. Bṛhadratha, last Maurya king killed by his senāpati 86. Bṛhad-Viṣṇu 721n, Bṛhad-Yama 534, Bṛhan-Manu 738, 752. Bṛhannāradīya-purāṇa (see under Nāradiyapurāṇa), 869, 928n Bṛhaspati, writer on Ṛjādharma 2-4, 6, 167, 178, 208, 255n, derives the word rājan 28; held that fighting should be avowed as far as possible 173, is alleged to have abridged the work of Brahmā 4; on land tax 191 Bṛhaspati, smṛti of (on vyavabāra not yet recovered) 121n, 156, 158, 206, 244, 258-61, 272, 273, 275, 277-78, 281n, 282, 284, 286, 291, 294, 297-299, 303-4, 306, 308-310, 312-13, 317, 318n, 322, 326, 327, 331-32, 334, 340-343, 345n, 346-348n, 352, 355, 357-359, 363, 364, 370, 375, 380, 385n, 387, 391, 393n, 396, 409-10, 417-20, 423-25, 428-29, 431-39, 442-45, 451-52, 456-58, 462-63, 465-469, 471-472, 474, 476-78, 480-81, 483, 488-89, 491-493n, 494, 496, 498, 501, 503-08, 511n, 513-16, 520, 522, 525-26, 529, 531-32, 537-38, 540, 554, 568, 572, 574-76n, 580, 584, 586, 587, 589, 590, 593n, 596, 598, 601, 607, 609, 619, 621, 623-26, 632, 634, 637, 639, 642, 644, 646, 651n, 652-53, 655, 702, 709, 714, 717, 720, 721, 733, 736, 748, 752n, 754n, 760, 763, 766, 769, 772n, 790, 799n, 800, 809, 861, 867, 868, 882, 885, 926, 942, 948. Bṛhaspati, smṛti of, holds Manu in high esteem but rarely criticizes it also 590ṇ Bṛhaspati, work of (in prose) 452n, 602ṇ Bṛhat-Parāśara 13, 98, 170, 173, 197, 209, 211, 391, 860, 869. Bṛhat-saṃhitā of Varāhamihira 82, 85, 89, 122, 126, 136, 146n, 180, 230, 407, 897-98, 906n, 907, 916, 917, 919n, 922. Bṛhatī, coṃ of Prabhākara on Jaimini 836ṇ HI] Brihe, defined 473. person taking b. or the intermediary was fined bnt nnt the man who offered it 473. Bricks, baked, required in Agnicayana 180. Brothers, are heirs after parents 725 ; nf fall blood preferred in those of half 725 Brother's son's son, position nf, as heir 731-32 Brnwn C. J. 122ṇ Bnddha, knew 64 scripts 308. , Snddho- dāna, father nf, was rājā nf the Sākyas 90, wheel of dharma of 66. Buddhacarita of Aśvaghnṣa 5. Bnddhist countries took their law of succession from the Mannsmṛti 560, 640. Bnddhist doctrines ahnnt mnasteries, ahimṣā, charity are nnt tn be deemed tn be authoritative 842-843. Bnddhist influence, on the Mitākṣarā, examined 640-641, on the Dāya- bhāga 559-560 Bnddhist philosophy, some tenets of, may be nsefnl in their own way 839-40. Bnddhabhūsana 13, 107, 110n, 117, 163n, 184, 203n, 215, 400ṇ Bühler, Dr. 195n, 307, 486n, 605n, 733ṇ Bnrden nf proof, of an affirmative proposition is on him who asserts it 304; rules about 304, sabhyas tn consider the qnestinn of 304. Bnrna, indebted tn Mannsmṛti for its laws of inheritance 640-641.

Caesar, Jnlinṣ 24. Cakravarti, Dr. P. C. 213. Cakravartin 24, 66, territory of 66-67 Cakravartins, names of six 67 ; said in he seven in Harṣacarita 67. Calamities, among divine c flonds are more devastating than fire 233 ; divine and human 118, 120; natural, are six 163; remnval of divine c. how effected 228. Cambodia 756.

Cāṇakya, 5, 7, 86, 120; killed one of the Naṇḍas 86 Cāṇḍeśvara, anthnr of Rājantīratnā- kara 13 Candragupta, a Gṇpta emperor 44 Candragupta, a Manrya Empernr 192 ; abdicated in favnnr nf his son, acc. to Jain tradition 102. Capital, (see nāgaraka, palace) 178ff; administratiinn nf 149, 182, census of the inhnbitants of 150; ditch cnnstrncted rnndd 181, gates nf, shnnld face month 1; how and where to be built 181, loss of, more serinns than the less nf some territerry 178, may be inside a fnrt nr outside 181, officer called nāgaraka tn look tn affairs of 149; position of palace and offices in 181, rendered gay by players and dancers 180; strinng nf necessary cnmmnclities in 181, temples and shrines of certain deities in 181. Caritra, meaning nf 260-261. Caritrabandhaka 435. Carrier, liahility of, for loss or deterioratinn of goods 479. Cārvāka 871. Caste Disahilities Remnval Act 547n, 667, abrngates the rule nf ancient Hinndu law about pātita 616. Cattle, even princes went tn ennmerate and snpervise 161, straying into fields 500-501, snperintendent of 148-149. Catūrātra, a sacrifice 662n Cāturmāsyas, seasnnal sacrifices 676n, 704n Caturvargacintāmaṇi, of Hemādri 929, Cāturviṃśatmata 122n, 871. Canla, usages about 883. Canruddharaṇka, an officer 158, 464, Ceylnn, sea voyage to, frequently men- tinned in literature 937, Chalas, were fifty, for which the king could pnnish witbnnt a private com- plaint 266 Champā, a work by Dr. R, C, Majum- dar 641ṇ Champerty, not encouraged by ancient Hindu Lawyers 288. Chāndogya Upaniṣad 49n, 92, 135, 163, 167, 226, 362, 387, 613, 888 Chan-moon, on 'Principles of Buddhist Law' 641 Chariots, of great warriors were drawn by four horses and had two wheels 205 Charities called pūrta 451. Chatterji, Dr Bijan Raj 756, 934n Child, no gift nor sale of, allowed, acc. to Āp 643. Chowries, symbols of royalty 82 Chullavagga 91, 246. Cīna, country of 53. Cities, ancient Indian 183, frequently mentioned in the Ṛgveda 179-180, gates of, were named after cities which faced them 180, of asuras constructed with ayas, silver and gold 180. Civil Procedure Code (of India) 301n, 303n, 306, 345n, 380n, 384, 404n Clergy, benefit of 398n Clothes, declared impartible by Manu 589-90. Codification of Hindu Law, objections to, considered 820-823. Coins, examoer of 144, fines in relation to 253; weights of Indian, varied at different times and in diffe- rent countries 121n Colebrooke 447n, 575n, 688, 878. Comet, appearance of, portends im- pending calamity 916-17. Commander-in-chief 127, must be a kṣatriya or a brāhmaṇa 127, quali- fications of 127. Commentators generally embody pre- existing customs of their countries 729n Commerce, duties of superintendent of 145. Compact series of heirs 731. Concubine, right of, to maintenance 763, 811-815. Confiscation, of all property as punish- ment 404; for perjury and for judges taking bribes 532; for rape 535. tools of trade or craft not to be seized when ordered 404. Conflict, in case of between two śruti texts, there is an option 862, in case of between smṛtis and authoritative digests or commenta- ries courts have to follow latter 599n, 753n, in case of between smṛti and śiṣṭācāra the latter is weaker acc. to Pūrvamīmāṁsā 629, 874, in case of between laws or usages governing the two parties, śāstra prevails 862. Conqueror, duties of 71; duty of, to place on the throne of the conquered country a brother, son or daughter of the late king 40, 231, three kinds of 69, should sow dissensions among chiefs and the people, corporations and their leaders 174, to respect the customs of the conquered country, 71, 231, 859, 860. Contracts, (sec under 'transactions'); analysis of the conception of general by Sanskrit writers 411, made by incompetent persons are invalid 412; not to be entered into with soldiers and king's servants 207, persons incompetent to enter into, such as minors, dependents etc 412. Contract Act (Indian) 312n, 412n, 427n, 433n, 457n, 458n, 460n, 481n Coparcenary, characteristics of property acc. to Dāyabhāga 561-562, characteristics of property acc to Mitākṣarā 591-92, interest of members in property is fluctuating 561, is smaller than a joint family under the Mitākṣarā 591, existing between father and son under the Dāyabhāga 594, ownership of property is joint and in whole body of co-owners 561, starts on the birth of a son under the Mitākṣarā, starts on father's death under Dāyabhāga 562, 591. Copperplate, grants on, were sometimes forged 314-315; Sohāpur Inscrip- tion on, is earliest c., yet discovered 307. Corarajñyaka, an officer 168. Coronation, materials for 73, 76, mantras to be recited at 73, 74, of a king acc. to different works 72–82, of Indra described in Aitareya Brāhmaṇa 73, of crown prince, commander in chief etc. 79, of Samhagyī 81, of Shivājī 81, part of principal virtuous ladies in 81, Purāṇic rites of 79, to be performed one year after the death of the previous king 77–80. Corporations, administration and work of, 157, as tribunals 280–281, of purohitas at temples and sacred places 488, were powerful and had a measure of self-government 97. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. I (on Aśokan inscriptions) 60, 69, 94, 100, 112n, 139, 190, 246, 390, 406, 890. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. III (vide also under 'Gupta Inscriptions) 213. Council of ministers, consultation with, to be in secret 108, king or chief minister presided over 91, mentioned in Aśoka's edicts 107. Countries, long lists of, 10 the Mahābhārata 135, names of c. are same as those of people residing in them 134, mentioned in the Ṛgveda and the Atharvaveda 135, in 10 the Brāhmaṇas 135, in by Pāṇini 135n, in by Mahābhāṣya 1350, in 10 the Kāvyamīmāṃsā 136. Country, land of Kurukṣetra, Matsyas, Sūrasenas as one's 134, qualities of the soil of a good 133, same c. has sometimes two names 135, Sanskrit words for 138, wealth of, consists in food crops and abundance of cattle 161. Court, house was to be decorated with flowers, paintings 277, king as original as well as appellate c. 268, 270, presided over by king or chief

Justice was highest 280, some merchants were associated with c. in the task of deciding cases 275, time for holding c. 277, was to call in the aid of outsiders to deciding certain cases 284, was constituted by the prāḍvivāka and the sabhyas 274. Courts, civil and criminal matters tried in ancient India by same c. 259, classes of State c. 281, could be attended by learned men, who though not appointed as judges could state their opinions 274, dharmasthīya and kaṇṭakaśodhana c. 252, four kinds of 277, grades of 280-281, holidays for 277, inferior c. recognized in the smṛtis, 280, law and equity administered by same 259, judges of, to give unanimous decision 274, matters within the purview of kaṇṭakaśodhana c. 252; opinion of majority of judges of c. to prevail 275, people present (except learned brāhmaṇas) were not to interfere by speech in work of, 274; punishment for clerks of c. for wrongly taking down depositions 276, local be established for groups of 10, 400, 800 villages 273, to consider burden of proof after defendant's reply 304. Court fees, fines taken from defeated litigants in civil disputes virtually were 294–295, 382, whether payable in ancient and medieval India 294–95. Cow; called Anubandhya was sacrificed at end of Agnistoma in ancient days 627, 865, occasions on which c. was sacrificed in ancient India 939–40; sacrifice of, condemned in Kali age 627, 865. Cows, owners of, not to be fined for loss caused by c. at times of festivals and śrāddhas 501. Creditor, (see ‘debts’ and ‘recovery of debts’), a brāhmaṇa c. had priority over one of another caste 441, duty of, to pass a receipt for part of debt paid 442, if creditor refused to pass a receipt on request, he lost balance of debt 442, should tear off bond when whole debt paid or should pass a document of release 442 Criminal Procedure Code (Indian) 398n, 402ṇ Crime, ancient law of, was drastic 390, child under five was not deemed to be guilty of crime 395, definition of 386; fines came to be ordinary punishment for many a c 390, five titles out of 18 are connected with 511, law relating to, not found in one place in ancient works 412, list of capital crimes was much smaller in ancient India than in the mediae- val West 390, was also a sin in many cases and entailed religious sanctions 387. Criminals, comparatively humane treat- ment of 388ṇ Criminology, divergent views on 393. Crops 162, harm to, by animals stray- ing into 501, two, grown in the year ordinarily 500, various ways of raising 163 Cūḍā (tonsure), ceremony of 679n Cunningham, General 121n, 122n Customs (see under ‘usages’), and Dharmaśāstra works 856ff, burden of proof of, 970, cannot be ex- tended on grounds of analogy 876-877, difference between usages and c 826, differing c of the North and South 858, enforceabi- lity of 859, essentials of valid c 970-71, instances of local 862, meaning of c of country or family 862, 863, must have characteristics of antiquity, uniformity and notoriety 826n, of countries, castes and fami- lies are binding if not opposed to Veda 857, once in vogue may be abandoned by people 878, of castes, 881, strength of, in conflict with smṛti 849-850, requisites of, accor- ding to Pūrvamīmāṁsā writers 853- 854, 876, c, acc to smṛtis and com- mentaries, that were opposed to Veda or were immoral or harmful to others were not to be enforced 859. Dagger marriages 972 Daftarī, Dr. K L. 903-4, 906, 912. Dāva, relation between human effort and 168-169, success depends on both, effort and d 169 Dakṣa, smṛti of 403, 471n, 846, 872, 941, 960, 963. Dakṣiṇāpatha, is a fourth of Bharata- varṣa 136. Damhodbhava 52, 202 Damūdupat, rule of, 422-424, rule of, acted upon in modern India 425. Dāna (an upāya) described 174. Dānakhaṇḍa (of Hemādri) 154. Dancing girl, referred to in the Ṛgveda 534 Danda (a king) 53ṇ Danda (an upāya) 175, 238, absence of, leads to chaos and anarchy 238, if foolishly wielded recoils on the king's head 26, if properly handled advances three puruṣārthas 26, im- portance of 21-22, 51, raised to the position of a divinity 22. Dāṇḍakya Bhoja, a king who perished through last 32, 53n, 55. daṇḍanīti, a work of Keśava 13, 264, 265n, 403 daṇḍanīti 5, four objects of 6, identi- fied with Arthaśāstra 843n, identified with rājadharma by Śāntiparva 5; meaning of 5, said to he the support of the world 6, said to have been produced by Sarasvatī 6, was special concern of kṣatriyas 5. Dandāparuṣya (assault) 513ff. Dandaviveka, a work 124n, 176n, 191, 243n, 391n, 392, 393n, 394-5, 400, 403 Dandi Mahādevī, a queen 40, Dasakūmāracarita, 7, 45, 48, 55, 144, 171, 203, 222, 276, 277, 390, 400, 440n, 541, 936, 937. Dasipārādhika, an officer 264. Daśaratha, desired to make Rāma Crown Prince with people's approval 29, 42, had eight ministers 106. Dāsī, who is 602n, 707. Dasiputra 600-603. Date, Mr G T. 213. Dattaka son 662-699, definition of 647; even Ṛgveda is against having ḍ s 662; instances of, in Vedic Literature 662-663; of a widow held entitled by P C to open up a partition made several years before 671; placed very low in the list of secondary sons by several smṛti writers 650, smṛti texts and digests on 664; sūtras except that of Vasiṣṭha and smṛtis contain very little about 663. Dattakacandrikā 644, 648n, 664-65, 667n, 669, 675, 679-80, 682, 683n, 685n, 686, 691, 696,-98n, 699, branded as a forgery by certain writers 664, regarded by Privy Council as of highest authority on adoption 664-665 Dattakamīmāṁsā 644, 646n, 648n, 654, 655n, 663n, 664, 666n, 667-68, 675, 676n, 678n, 679-80, 682-84, 686, 687n, 688, 691, 696-98n, 926, regarded as of highest authority on adoption 664-665 Dattānāpakarma or Dattāpradānika 471-475 (see under ‘gift’). Dattasiddhāntamañjarī of Bālakṛṣṇa 649n, 667. Daughter, as heir, 712-719. illegitimate d does not inherit even to a śūdra father 717, indigent married d, preferred to well-to-do married d, 715; takes a limited estate like a widow except in Bombay Presidency 716-717; unchastity no bar to succession of daughters (except under Dāyabhāga) 717-718; unmarried d preferred to married ḍ as an heir 715. Daughter-in-law, not an heir in the whole of India except in Bombay 717. Daughter's son, as heir 719-720 Davidson, Mr. Rhys, author of 'Buddhist India' 90, 91, 123, 135, 156, 159, 183, 307, 484. Day, was divided into eight parts, in the 2nd of which justice was administered by king 242. Dāya, meaning of 543-44, two varieties of 546. Dāyabhāga, a work, 475, 519n, 545, 546n, 547n, 550n, 553n, 554n, 556-58, 560-61, 563, 567n, 569, 572n, 573, 578, 579n, 580, 581n, 582, 583n, 584, 585n, 586n, 587, 589, 592, 593n, 594, 595n, 598, 601, 602n, 606, 607n, 610n, 617n, 618n, 619n, 620, 623n, 625n, 634-37, 639, 649n, 650n, 651n, 698, 700n, 702, 703n, 705n, 706n, 707n, 708, 710n, 712, 715-718n, 719, 720n, 721, 725, 726, 732, 734, 736-38, 740n, 741-43, 745-47, 749, 753, 760, 762, 764, 766, 768, 771n, 772, 772n, 773, 774n, 775, 777n, 778, 781, 784n, 785, 787n, 790n, 791n, 792n, 793, 798, 799, 809ṇ Dāyabhāga (see under 'doctrine of spiritual benefit', 'sapinda'); differ-ence between the Mitākṣarā and D. 558-559; holds that ownership arises on the death of the previous owner 547, obliterates distinction between gotrajas and bandhus made by Yājñavalkya 742-43, origin of peculiar doctrines of 559-560, out-standing works under D. School 544, school not affected by the Hindu Law of Inheritance Amendment Act 749. Dāyabhāga (partition of wealth) 543ff, partition and inheritance are main topics under 544. Dāyakramasāṅgraha 544, 798. Dāyatattva 544, 546n, 553n, 556, 558, 561, 567n, 568n, 572n, 575n, 581n, 592n, 609n, 610n, 620n, 634n, 637n, 700n, 701n, 733, 738n, 739, 745n, 747n, 760, 777, 779n, 781.

Death, all persons except brāhmaṇas could be condemned to sentence of, for certain grave offences 400, argu- ments against sentence of 399, as expiation for grave sins forbidden to brāhmaṇas in Kali age 942, day of collection of bones after 951, gene- ral rule that one (except a brāh- mana) who causes death by violence should be sentenced to 526, in- fighting for the protection of cows and brāhmaṇas is specially commen- ded 58, in protecting property of brāhmaṇas led to heaven 1, in vari- ous modes as punishment 256, 400, no punishment for accidental ḍ 58, no sentence of d for crimes due to negligence 526, punishment of, not inflicted on women and brāhmaṇas in early British rule 397, punish- ment of, for murdering a man, for abducting human beings, women or for theft of jewels or for rape, sexual intercourse with a woman of higher caste 256, 401, 522, 526, 532, sentence of, to be avoided even in great offences 399-400, sentence of, for a woman guilty of poisoning, incendiarism, attempt to kill her husband, elders or child 401. Debts, (see under 'damdupat', 'reco- very of debts'), distinction between antecedent debts and other debts of father drawn by P C. has no basis in the texts 450, father, husband and wife are not bound to pay res- pectively son's, wife's or husband's personal ḍ 451, five classes of, acc to Annāsanaparva 416, four d owed by all men, acc to Ādiparva 416, grandson's and great-grandson's liability to pay ancestor's d 443-444, grounds on which liability to pay another's d, arose 442, idea of three ḍ owed to gods, pitṛs and sages 414-416, idea of liability to pay off one's ḍ was developed even in very ancient times 414, incurred for the purposes of the family by anyone such as a son, brother, wife, slave were payable by the head of the family 451, modern law about liabi- lity of sons, grandsons and great- grandsons to pay d 444-446, must be paid by him who takes the wealth or widow of the deceased 443, 448, 449;453, no basis for distinction between secured and unsecured debts of father in smṛtis 449-450¹, non- payment of, was believed to lead to being born as a slave or a beast in the creditor's house 416-417, order in which persons were liable to pay another's d 452-454², owed to the Crown or learned brāhmaṇa have precedence over all other 441-442, propositions about son's liability to pay father's 444-445, sale of de- btor's property for recovery of 441; sanctity of monetary ḍ arose from the obligatory nature of d, owed to gods, manes and sages 414, son's liability to pay father's suretyship debts 447 son not liable to pay illegal, immoral or avyāvahārika debts of father 446-448, son's liabi- lity to pay father's d during latter's lifetime 445-446, son's pious duty to pay off father's debts even if he received no property 417, 442-443, 445, time when ḍ must be returned 425. Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act; adopts the rule of damdupat for all agriculturists, whether Hindus or not 425. Decision (see 'judge', 'law-suit'), by caritra 260-261, by dharma illus- trated 260, by oaths and ordeals when no witnesses available 358; by royal command 261, by vyava- hāra, explained 260, four modes of arriving at 260-262³, is not a pāda of a law-suit. acc to some 379, parties were asked to leave court when chief justice and sabhyas were considering the d to be given 379, precedents employed in arriving at 380, presumptions as means of 355- 356, should not be arrived at by mere reliance on śāstra or texts but should also be based on reason and equity 259, 357, usages as means of 260-261, was based on eight sources 379, when unjnst ḍ given, one quarter of the sin falls on each out of the litigant, witnesses, judge and king 276 Decree (see ‘brāhmaṇa’, ‘judgment’), different ways of executing a 383- 384, for satisfaction of a d , a poor debtor (except a brāhmaṇa) was made to work for creditor 384, when debtor was sent to jail in execution of a 384. Defamation, truth of implication¹, in, did not afford protection 512. Defendant, cannot raise a counter claim in some cases 302; cases in which ḍ must make a reply at once 296, characteristics of a good reply of d 300, fines against ḍ for not being ready with his defence 296, not giving a reply even after time is allowed may be declared to be defeated 302, rules about adjourn- ment granted to 296, rules about putting under restraint the d 290- 291, rules about summoning a ḍ 286-287, was to reply in writing to the plaint 300 Delay, in the disposal of law suits 296 Democracies, of Oxydrakos, Malloı, Siboi and others referred to by Greek writers 20 Democracy, true, did not exist even in Greece or other countries of the West 15, 20, 93 Dependents, what persons are 412. Deposit (see under ‘fine’, ‘interest’) 454-458, care required as to a d is same as that in a pledge 456, differs from pledge or mortgage 455, duty of person holding a d 456, if d not returned on demand, loss of it falls on holder who is also liable to be fined 457, must be returned in same condition and to the deposi- tor himself and not to bis co-owner 456, person accepting a ḍ is estop- ped from recognizing the title of any one except the depositor 457, return of, to whom to be made 456-57, rules about, extended to other bail- ments 458-459, smṛtis extol the undertaking to accept a deposit 455 Deśa, extent of a d varied 138, gover- nor of, was called rāṣṭrapati or rāṣ- triya 138 Deshmukhī vatan 631 Deshpande vatan 631 Deuteronomy 389n Devabōdhī, a Sūāga king, was killed by his minister 86. Devadāsis, that had stopped temple service, were given work by superin- tendent of weaving 146. Devala, smṛti of 553, 556, 610n, 614, 617, 620, 626, 632n, 644, 649, 650n, 651n, 702, 763, 777, 787, 791, 860, 873, 943, 948-49, 951, 956, 960 Devapāla, com on Kāthālagrhya 880 Devārāta 715. Devasvāmin 679, 715, 779. Devīpurāṇa 181, 234, 910n, 911. Dhammapada 185ṇ Dhammalhats, Burmese Law books 641n Dhanurveda 49, 179, 215. Dhanus, as measure of length 500n Dharaṇa, a silver coin 122. Dhārēśvara, an author on dharmaśāstra 549, 557, 704n, 705 715, 733, held the view that ownership is known from śāstra alone 549, held the view that the allotment of a special share to the eldest son was given up by people 628 Dharma, meaning of, in partition 572 Dharrna, aids to the understanding of 827, d and truth are identical 97, 260, flourished in perfection 10 Kṛta age and declined progressively 10 the succeeding yugas 244, 890-91, idea of took the place of the conception of rtn 244 ; intances of the trans- gression of ḍ hy ancient heroes and sages 845-849, is more powerful than the mightiest 97, ohservance of, was the great social aod political ideal in India 97, parişad, final authority ln matters of 101, sources of 825-827, 863, usages as source of 825-827, 863, was the supreme power in the State and was above the king 241. Dharmādhikaraņka or--dhikaraņio, qualifications of 126. Dharmādhyakşa, exercised the same functions as Purohita did in ancient India 126. Dharmadvaltarnirnaya 122n, 878, 944n Dharmas, differ in different yugas 627, 628, 869, should not be practised even though sanctioned hy śāstra, if condemned by people 628-629, 869. Dharmaśāstra, and customs 856ff, illos- tratioos of conflict between Artha- śāstra and D. 9, in case of conflict of D. with practices or secular matters, king to decide acc. to D. 9, relation of, to Arthaśāstra 8-9, 868, was called smṛti 10; writers on, had a low estimate of human nature 238, writers on, insisted that Dharma was king of kings 176. Dharmasindhu, a work 615, 669, 675, 679, 688-89, 692, 695-97, 739, 759, 877, 930, 940, 945, 947, 954. Dharmastha { judge } 273; should possess the qualilications and status of an amātya 273. Dharmasūtras, authority of 853. Dhṛtarāşțra 10, did not succeed to the kingdom hecanse of blindness 43, 609, performed sacrifices thongh blind 846, recovered sight for a time through the favour of Vyāsa 847. Dīkşə, made of vibhidaka wood 541, playing with, in Rājasūya sacrifice 541. Dickeos 60 Diddā, a notorioos Kashmir qneeo 40, Digests, grouded into classes by pro- vinces 878. Dīghaonrkāya 135. Digvijaya 69; description of 68, of Harsa 229-230, of Ragho 230. Dīkşit, Mr. Sh. B. 8960, 902, 915. Dīkşitar, Prof. V R 120, 213, 254o, 407 Diksita, a predecessor of Jīmūtavāhana 715. Dināra, of gold, silver aod copper 120, 122o, value of 122o, was a synonym of nişka 121n; was also called suvarņa 121ṇ Diodorus 103. Dīpakalīkə 247n, 344o, 370, 383n, 540o, 553n, 554n, 575n, 580, 597o, 614n, 754o, 774n, 793, 856n, 882ṇ Dīrghacārāyaṇa 2 Dīrghatamas, story of 361. Discipiioe {vinaya} 51-52; based upon danda 51, is of two klods 51, to be attempted by giving up six evil tendencios 52 District, officer over, was helped by a board of advisers 141. Divodāsa, given as a son to Vadhryaśva 415 Divorce 537. Divya {see under 'ordeals'}; definition of 363. Divyatattva of Raghunandana 362-63, 367o, 370n, 378n Divyapadana 102, 116 Doctrnoe, of spiritual benefit, acc. to the Dāyahhāga 737-741, of spiritual benefit illustrated by diagrams 744- 745; propositions as to ḍ of spiritual benefit 740-741, unjost to the claims of women as heirs 746. Document 308-316, cao be superseded ed only by another ḍ 312, classifi cation of 309, conflict of documents of various grades 313; custody of, to be explained 313; executed by ordinary people need not be in correct Sanskrit 309, fabricators of d deceive women, children and ignorant people 314, genuineness of, how established 314, held invalid when executed by certain persons 312, is so indubitable and superior means of proof 308, 312; latent defects of, must be pointed out by disputant when produced 315, loses validity if certain circumstan-ces 315, marked with royal seal, presumed to be genuine 314, minimum number of witnesses required on 312; oral evidence to contradict d not allowed 312, reoteoce of death for fabricating a private or public ḍ 315; secondary evidence of the cooteots of, when allowed 313, when ever a voidable ḍ ceased to be so 315. to be distinguished from a spy 129; to be sent after a hoe of policy is settled 128 Dramma 122ṇ Dvādaśa, sacrifice, gave seniority to Indra 41. Draupadi, strange explanation of the story of D being the wife of five brothers 847. Dvaipāyana 53 Dravida, works of authority in D, school of Hindu law 545. Dvaitādurnaya (same as Dharmadvaita-durnaya) 683, 878. Dreams, portending good or evil 226. Dvāraka 208, 214. Drinklog, is worse than sexual vice in the case of a king 233. Dvīpas, seven 134; said to be thirteen aod 18 also 134 Drona, commaoder of the Kauravas 79, 204 Dvyāmuṣyāyaṇa, adoption of a boy as 685–687, ksetraja son was so called by Mit aod some others 659, succession to, by both mothers 723–724. Drona (a measure of coro) differed for various purposes 1460 Dyūta ( gambhog ) defined 538. Droṇaparva 6, 8, 79, 127, 131, 134–35, 168, 205–6, 208–9, 211, 214, 232, 643n, 845, 898, 904, 914. Earoest, what becomes of, if sale goes off through the fault of the veodor or purchaser 491. Durga (a fort or capital ) 178ff. Easeoeots, as to doors, windows &c. 507 Durga 368 Easeoeots Act, Iodiao 507ṇ Duryodhana 203, 210, perished through conceit 52 Edgerton, Prof 7. Dustaritu, o king, was expelled from his kingdom 26. Education, expeose on 164–165. Dūta (ambassador or messenger) 127–129; duties of 128; person of, not to be harmed 127, 129, 209, quali-ties of 127–128, three kinds of 128; Egypt, usury condemned in aocieot 425ṇ Ekavrșa, a hymn 76. Ekoddiṣṭa, a śrāddha 737. Eldest, rights of e. soo or daughter jealously guarded in Vedic age 41, soo sometimes got all wealth of his father 41, son was passed over if he suffered from meotal or physical defect 43; to pass over the e. soo or daughter in marriage or succession was held to be a grave sio 42. Elephants, do not figure much in the Mahābhārata 203, if oot well trained cause loss of life to their own side 203n, lights to be waved before, at certain times 230, monopoly of kings to 197; supernoteodeot of 149, training aod medical treatment of 149, victory depended upon e. in ancient India 203. Elphinstone, author of ‘History of India’ 203n, 397. Emperor, distinction between e and king made in the Śatapatha brāhmaṇa 65, idea of, in the Vedic literature 64–65, supreme e did not generally hanker after territory so much as after admission of superior prowess 68 Emperors, long lists of, in the brāhmaṇas, Mahābhārata and other works 66–67, titles of 69–70 Enmity, of five kinds 225 Epigraphia Carnatica 377 Epigraphia Indica 17, 24, 30, 39–40, 44–5, 49, 66, 69–71, 76n, 105, 113n, 115, 116n, 117, 122n, 124n, 125–26, 135, 138–39, 142–43, 150, 153n, 154–56, 159n, 162, 164, 168, 172, 182, 194–197, 201, 246, 260, 264, 280–81; 283, 308, 315, 366n, 376n, 379n, 393n, 406, 422, 439, 496, 500n, 506, 575n, 724, 848n, 881, 890n, 896n, 898, 905n, 932, 934, 962 Evidence (see ‘means of proof’), circumstantial 356–57, exceptions to the exclusion of hearsay 331, rules about late production of 349–50, taken on commission 331, what is hearsay 330 Evidence Act (Indian) 313n, 314, 331n, 340n, 341n, 349n, 355n, 457, 656n Exceptions, are to be limited to the matters expressly stated and are not to be extended by analogy 672, 796n Exchange, if inequitable may be rescinded 493, rules about sales apply, to 494. Exclusion, both males and females may be liable to e from inheritance 62, grounds of e from inheritance and partition 608–616, Hindu Inheritance Disabilities Removal Act abrogates most grounds of 611, persons liable to e cannot adopt, but may marry 617, persons liable to e. must be maintained 611, 617, sons of persons liable to e take a share if they are free from defects 611, 617, wives and daughters of persons liable to e are entitled to maintenance 617 Expense on education in the first decades of British rule 165 Experts, opinions of, to be taken 284. Expiation, secret, for grave sins, forbidden in Kali 944–45. Ezekiel 425n Fa-Hien 50, 91, 183, 390 Falsehood, penance for telling an allowed f. in a judicial trial 353, when allowed 353–354 Family, customs of 883. Famines, measures to he taken against 163, references to ancient and medieval 163–164 Fate, cannot accomplish anything without human effort 170 Father, could once make unequal distribution of estate among sons 623, has the power to separate his sons from himself and from among themselves 592, 622, partition made by f. if unequal could be set aside acc. to medieval works 623, position of, as heir to his deceased son 721–22, some smṛtis allowed two shares to f. at partition with sons 625. Fausböll 50, 91, 934 Fees, distribution of, among sacrificial priests 469–470 Ferries, charges at 193, persons that were given free passes to use 193. Fick, 36, 158, 190, 268, 399. Fields, duty of owners of, to construct a high paling or hedge 500, meaning of texts that forbid division of 586–587, rules about f taken for cultivation on rent but not cultivated 510 Figgis, Mr. J. N., author of 'Divine right of kings' 35 Finder, of lost articles, rules applicable to 462 Fines (see under ‘brāhmaṇa’, ‘punishment’), against artisans, carpenters, tailors causing unreasonable delay 252, against goldsmiths pur- II] chasog gold from menials nr slaves 253, against washermen for negh- geot washing or dispnsal of clothes 252, against traders usiog false weights aod measures nr adulterat- ing grains, mls ete nr raising prices beyond those fixed by nfncers 352, discrimioation 10 matters of f based on east eeased tn be eofnrced from about 12th century 512, divergent views about the metal 10 which they were to be paid 393n, either fixed or variable 393, for giving false evidence 352, for manufactnring counterfeit conos or passiog them off 253, for oon- appearance in court thongh summon- ed and nhle tn enme 287, for nnt re- turning a depnsit when demanded or demaoding a depnst when ont made 458, fur theft 522, had to he paid by parties defeated in suits 382, half of the prescribed f awarded if accused prnmised nnt to commit offence again 513, higher f for thieves of higher castes 522, nnt impnsed upon brāhmaṇas, if they were first nffenders and honest and nf good family 398n, nnt to be taken by ling from men of Inwest castes such as Cāndālas 514, oldest refer- ence to f for assanlt 515, raoged from a lākuni to confiscatioo of all wealth 393, rates nf f paid by htugants 382, recovered from these gmlty nf mahā- pātakas were oot to be taken by king hot were to be offered to Varuna nr distributcd among learned brāh- manas 407; three kinds of fixed f 393-94, were deemed to he lesser than corporal pnmshment 394, were to be paid in copper panas, when no metal mentioned 394

Fire-arms, whether lunwno 10 ancient India 213-214 Fleet, Dr 102, 139, 140n, 315, 925n Flesh-eating, condemoeed io Kali 944- 45 Fnod, talnng of, in the same plate with wife, forbnddeo 858n Forests, supernoteodeot of the produce nf 145. Forts, arc meant for safety of the king, the people and the treasury 178; Freedom iudividnal and oatiooal, happiness lies io 102, 237 Gadre, Mr A S 1960 Gadyānaka, of gold and silver 122n Gāgābhatta, offioiated at Shivaji's enronation 35 Gains of learning 581n, Āp aod Baud say nothing about 581, defi- nition of, ace to Kātyāyaoa 583, Gautama oo 581, law about, now settled by Hindu Gaios of Learuing Act 585, meaning of the words io Yāj 'acquired wnthnt detrimeot tn paternal estate' 582, propositioos established by case law as to 584, Vasiṣṭha gave then shares to the aequirer 581, were partihle if learo- iog was acquired at family expeose or from the father or elder brother 582 Gains of Learning Act (Hiodu) 674. Gambling, 538-542, coodenned t Brahmapurāna 542, in dispnt about, the keeper nf g house is t final authority or gamblers appoiot by kiog 540, is nne nf the m ancient vices 541, Manu's ooe promisog attitude tn 538, spe eanse nf dissensioos among san 233, these who engaged in s gambling were able to pnoish 540, worst of vices 10 a king 5 Yājñavalkya, Kauṭilya and allowed g under restrietioos a source nf revenne 538-539. Gana, meaning of 281. Ganapatideva, a Kālatiya kiin a charter of secmity for sail. Ganarājya (repmblic ) 87, note seosnos are the root of th 87 Gandbāra, coomtry of 135 Gandharvaveda 49. Ganges, throwing bones of cremated body into 951 Gantikā, devolution of wealth of 148, duties of 148, qualifications of 148, salary of 148, was a veśyā who was honoured for her accomplishments 148ṇ Gargasaṁhitā 892, 896, 919n Garuḍapurāṇa 13, 160–161, 892, 962. Gāthāsaptaśatī 154 Gattulal, Pandit 825ṇ Gaurasiras, expounder of rājadharma 2, 4. Gautama 17n, 553, 557. Gautama, dharmasūtra of 3, 19, 21, 23, 25, 36n, 37, 45–6, 49, 56, 59, 66, 97–8, 100, 117, 119, 165, 167, 175, 185, 187, 189, 191, 192, 194, 209, 211, 212, 244–46, 250–51, 270, 272, 275, 284, 296, 307, 317, 320, 327, 330–33, 336, 343–44, 348n, 353, 389, 391–92, 395–97, 401–4, 409, 418–20, 422–23, 425, 428–29, 433, 435, 443, 446, 460, 474n, 482, 484, 494n, 501, 515, 517, 522–23, 527–28, 535, 548, 551, 566–68, 571, 573–74, 578, 581, 585, 588, 589n, 595, 598, 601, 607–10n, 612n, 613, 614–15, 617–18, 625, 627, 644, 646, 648, 649n, 650, 658, 690n, 702–704n, 706, 712, 715, 754n, 762, 765–66, 772, 776n, 781, 789, 793, 808, 815, 819n, 825, 827, 845, 848, 857, 863, 871, 874, 875, 880, 881, 883–84, 889, 932, 940–44, 946–47, 952–55, 958, 965 Gautamadharmasūtra, specially studied by Sāmavedins 853. Gayā, tax on performance of śrāddha at 198. Gāyatrī, a mantra 76 Geography, Paurāṇic 134–135, 935 Gharpure, Mr J R 197n, 509n, 778, 804ṇ Ghaṭāsphoṭa, for patitā women 807, for those guilty of high treason 610n, for those guilty of grave sins 615. Ghaṭotkaca 205, 214 Ghoshal, Dr U. N 16, 32 Ghoṭakamukha, an author 2.

Gift, by stinting one's family or ser- vants condemned 472, certain objects cannot be the subject of, because of want of ownership or because of prohibition 471, eight things that cannot be the subject of 471, how acceptance of g may be made 474, ingredients of a 474–475, not delivering what is promised as a g or resuming a g led to other worldly consequences 473, of land looked upon with disfavour in ancient India 496, of only house forbidden 472n, promised to a brāhmaṇa or for a religious purpose should be enforced by king and fine awarded 474, promised to an irreligious man need not be carried out 474, resiling from promise of gift of all property when allowed 473, seven kinds of g, that cannot be resumed 472, sixteen kinds of invalid g 472, that may be set aside by donor himself on account of incapacity due to minority, lunacy &c 472–73. what may be subject of 472. Gōbhila, smṛti of 870, 953, 956. Gōbhilagṛhyasūtra, 940, specially studi- ed by Sāmavedins 853. Gocarma, a certain extent of land 432 Gode, Mr P K 849. Golaka, a kind of illegitimate son 646ṇ Gold, superintendent of 144–145, value of, in relation to silver 121n, Goldstücker, on ‘Pāṇini’ 306 Gopa, an officer who looked after five or ten villages and kept a register of the number of cultivators, traders, animals &c 143 Gopagīri (Gwalior) 159. Gopāla, founder of Pāla dynasty in Bengal was elected a king 30, was a śūdra 39 Gopalan, author of 'History of Palla- vas' 155 Gopatha Brāhmaṇa 135, 565, 888, on coronation 74–75 Gorer, G on ‘Bali and Angkor’ 934ṇ Gosava or gomedha 940 Got 285 Gotrajas, as heirs 732-752, are either sāpiṇdas or samāṇodakas 752, meaning of, acc. to the Mit. 748, peculiar meaning ascribed to the word g by Dāyabhāga 741-742, three views as to preference among 750-751, widows of male g as heirs 751-52. Government, (see under 'king', 'province', 'ruler'), function of, did not end with the keeping of peace and order 59. Govindarāja, commentator of Maoo 730, 875, commentator of Rāmāyaṇa 112, 719 Grāma, meaning of 140n, 153, 182o. Grāmaṇi and Grāmakuṭa, see under ' Headman of village ' Grandmother, paternal, as heir 727- 728, 731, when entitled to a share at a partition 607-8 Grant Duff's 'History of the Marathas' 106, 156, 164. Grants, mention the exemption from taxation that went with them 195, of land called 'yogakşema' 588n ; of land could be made only by the king and not by a district officer 139 Great Bear, constellation of, was supposed to stay in one nakşatra for a hundred years 897 Gṛhastharatoākara 354, 420o, 525o, 614n Gṛhyasūtras, authority of 853 Groups, committee of two or more were in look after business of 488, conventions of such g as guilds, naigamas, heretics were enforced by king 487, member of g who goes against heads of g was liable to punishment 489, rights and liabilities of members of 488-489 ; whatever is gained by one or by heads of g on the business of g belongs to 489 Guardian, deities of quarters 368 Guardian and Wards Act (Indian) 461. Gīdhaja son, defined 647, 660. Guilds (see under 'groups'), administration and compacts made by 157; eighteen, in Buddhist times 159; had power to condemn those who broke their conventions and to ex- communicate them 157, of kṣatriyas in Kāmbhojā and Surāṣṭra and of workmen 158; rules about partner- ship apply to 481, usages and conventions of, were upheld by king in certain circumstances 158, 487. Guṇas, definitions of, 223, proper employment of, leads to peace and exertion 217, six 217, 223, sub- divisions of the several 224-225; theory of maṇḍala brought in relation to the doctrine of 222-223. Gupta dynasty 902. Gupta Empire, administrative system of 141-142, provincial administra- tion under 150. Gupta Inscriptions 44, 45, 49, 68, 70, 72, 108, 115, 117, 122o, 124o, 159, 202, 213o, 264, 281, 506, 890, 924o, 925o. Guru, payment of fees to 958. Hālāhala, poison drunk by Śiva 372ṇ Halāyodha 568n, 588n, 589n, 636, 784ṇ Hamlet 296. Hammurabi, code of 389n Happiness, individual and national, lies in freedom 102. Haradatta, commentator of Gant. Db. S, Āp. Dh. S, and Āśv. gr. 48, 60, 98, 121n, 192, 344, 387n, 395n, 419n, 428n, 433n, 460, 527n, 572n, 573- 74, 578, 581n, 585n, 595n, 644, 646, 649n, 650o, 702-3, 712, 754n, 790n, 793, 825, 856o, 864n, 879, 880, 942, 953, 955, 957. Harappa, excavations at 307. Harbours, charges on ships calling at 193, confiscation when foreign boats are driven in 193, to be guarded by king 193 Harihara 508o. Hariścandrā, purchased Sunhṣepa 660, Hārita, (versified) smṛti of 150o, 247o, 259o, 263, 276-78, 285, 304, 312, 420n, 436, 473, 494, 524, 536, 569, 581n, 651, 652n, 764n, 856, 885, 947. Hārita (prose) 616, 625, 644, 646, 825ṇ Harivamśa 39, 40, 214, 892, 895n Harsa, king of Kashmir, plundered many temples 188ṇ Harsa, king of Kānoj 67, 69, consoled by his dying father 63, elected as a king by the people 31; gave all in charity once every five years 164, preparations on digvijaya of 229, vast armies of 204. Harsacarita 63, 67, 69, 85, 108, 115, 182, 206, 229, 390 Hart, Dr 295, 407 Hasta (cubit) measure of various lengths for various purposes 146n Hāthigumphā inscription of Khāravela 49, 60, 66, 69, 94, 135, 162, 172, 195, 246. Headman of village, (see under 'vil- sage'), came to be appointed by king alone and office of 'hereditary 154, could inflict fines 155, food of, for- bidden to brāhmaṇas 154; great in- fluence of 154, had many appella- tions 154, love adventures of the son of 154. Heaven, as the reward for all soldiers killed in battle 57, 58, as the reward for ascetic endowed with yoga 58, as the, reward of kings who die fighting 57. Hebrew, ancient code 389n Heirs (see under inheritance). Heirship, principles of spiritual benefit and blood relationship in determin- ing 734-736 Hemādri 122n, 146n, 154, 610n, 928n, 929, 931n Heracles 901-902. Herdsman, duty of 497-498, liabili- ties of 498-500; not liable in certain cases when cattle stray into a field 500, wages of 498. Heretical, sects 834, treatment of, in ancient India 883, works of, not authoritative, even though they ... in some matters with the Veda 834- 835, 870-71; usages of, were tolera- ted by the king up to a certain ex- tent 871, 881-82 Heretics, are those like the Bauddhas who do not regard the Veda as autho- ritative 487, conventions of, were to be enforced by king in certain cases 487. Hetuvan-nigaḍādhikaraṇa 676. Himālaya, regions of, had immense rainfall 147 Hindu family, is presumed to be joint in food, worship and estate 638. Hindu Gains of Learning Act 585. Hindu Heirs Relief Act (Bombay) 445, 453. Hindu Inheritance (Disabilities Re- moral Act) 611 Hindu Law, codification of 820-824, Hindu Law of Inheritance (Amend- ment Act) 749. Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act 707, 724. Hindu Women's Rights to property Act (XVIII of 1937) 604, 700, 752, 806. Hiouen Chwang or Thsang 30, 40, 143n, 268, 924ṇ Hiraṇyakeśin 214, gṛhyasūtra of 685ṇ Hiring entered into three titles of law 476 History of Dharmaśāstra, vol, I. 305n, 871 History of Dharmaśāstra, vol II, 3, 7, 9, 25-26, 28-29, 39, 41, 47n, 49-50, 59, 61, 68, 70-71, 73-75n, 97, 101, 104, 112, 117, 124n, 134, 137, 145n, 146n, 148, 159, 164, 175, 189n, 194, 196, 202, 234, 240, 310, 333n, 334n, 367n, 398n, 401, 402n, 408n, 411, 416, 425n, 453, 471n, 472, 474-75, 481, 483-84, 487, 495-96, 500n, 508n, 517, 534-37, 541, 546, 550n, 564, 588, 599, 603n, 609n, 613, 615, 618n, 624n, 626n, 627n, 641, 643, 653, 659, 661, 675n, 679n, 682n, 687-89n, 703n, 701n, 713, 734, 757, 765, 776n, 806, 807, 824, 828n, 830n, 832, 836n, 842n, 844n, 846-48n, 856n, 857n, 858n, 865, 874, 876n, 877, 883, 885, 926n, 931-32, 937-41, 945, 948-50, 952, 958-59, 961-62, 966, 971. Hūlākādhikarana 851-52 Holdsworth, author of 'History of English Law' 296. Holikā festival 844n, 851. Horses 126, 173, 180, 190, 213, 229ṇ Hurses, countries from which good breeds of h came 149, 206, 232, lights to be waved before 230, sale of, forbidden 848, superintendent of 149. House, partition of, not allowed by some writers 586-87. Human sacrifice, symbolical 961-62 Hunting, benefits of 54, defects of 54-55 Husband (see 'wife'), and wife enjoy together the rewards of religious acts 603n, 738, duties of h and wife 536-537, first duty of h, to keep wife dependent and under con- trol 536, not liable to pay wife's debts except in some cases 451-52, must try to deserve wife's regard and love and must honour her 537. Huviska 24, 70 Hypothecation, without possession 419n, 431. Ideal, the great social and political, was the observance of dharma 97, belief in i. perfection in the dim past and the distant future 885-86. Illegitimate daughter, of even a śūdra, is not entitled to inherit or to main- tenance 602, 810 Illegitimate son (see under 'main- tenance') 601-603; from a dāsī or concubine born to a dvija is not entitled to a share on partition or to inherit, but got only maintenance 601, 809, of adulterous intercourse is entitled to maintenance 602n, 809, of śūdra from a brāhmaṇa woman is not entitled to inherit to his father 603, of śūdra from a dāsī may take

a share in father's property if the father so chooses 601, rights of a śūdra's i ṣ after his father's death 601-602, 809. Images, weeping and dancing of, as bad omens 227 Impalement as punishment for theft of horses and elephants 522. Impartible property (vide under 'pro- perty') 631, house and land said to some to be impartible 586-587, illustrations of 585-590 Impotent person, could marry and have a kṣetraja son 617n, fourteen kinds of 617n, signs of 617ṇ Incest, sexual intercourse with certain relatives was held to be 533. Income-tax levied on interest 192 Independent, three persons are i, viz the king, the vedic teacher and the head of the house in his house 413 India; a certain unity of religious and philosophical doctrines, literary forms and ideals existed in ancient and medieval 136; divided into five parts in Aitareya Brāhmaṇa 135, divided into two parts 135; an sen- timent of nationhood in ancient and medieval 136-137. Indian Antiquary 102, 138, 140n, 154, 168, 283, 315, 366n, 405n, 890n, 924n Indications, eight, of a man's approa- ching fall 228 Indra, coronation of, described in Ait. Br 73; festival in honour of 844n, gods are said to have agreed to treat him as the eldest 41, killed dasyus and destroyed their cities of ayās 180; paramour of Ahalya 845-846; raising banner of 231, 234, 367n, regarded Maruts as his sacivas 104, secured his position by energetic action 169, took an oath 359n Inheritance (see 'brother, bandhu, daughter, daughter's son, gotraja, parents, widow'), close connection between i and offering of rice balls to the deceased 734, 739, goes to the nearest sapinda, according to Manu 733, 748, order of, is to be arranged in such a way that the deceased’s wealth may conduce to his spiritual benefit acc to Dāya- bhāga 738, order of, order Dāya- bhāga 738, order of, order Dāya- bhāga 739, order of, under Mitākṣarā 749, order of, to a sooless man 791ff, sister’s son preferred as heir to the man’s own son to Vāhīka country 88n, strangers as taking ɪ. 762-763, to forest hermit and ascetic 764-765; whoever takes i has to pay debts of deceased and offer pinda to him 443. Interest, at 5 percent allowed after demand on deposit, purchase price &c 458, circumstances under which interest stops running, such as when king dies 425, debtors of all castes may pay ɪ acc to rate stipulated 419, four, five or six kinds of 418- 419, maximum recoverable at one time from a debtor 422, may be either stipulated at time of loan or not so stipulated 419, may be stipulated with reference to article pledged or to whether a surety is given 419-420; none allowed in certain cases 406, rate of, differed acc. to mercan- tile usage in different countries 421; rate of, varied also according to the nature of the article lent 422-423, rate of, first laid down by Vasiṣṭha at 1/6th part of principal every month if something be pledged 420, rate of, very high in ancient and medieval India 421-422, rate of allowable ɪ. laid down by smṛtis 420-422, rates of, were two, three, four or five percent per month acc to the varṇa of the debtor 421; starts in certain cases even on articles loaned through friendship 426-27; taking even agreed interest beyond the rates prescribed by smṛtis or taking com- pound interest condemned 420, those taking exorbitant interest con- demned to Hell 421, very heavy interest charged to debtors that carried on trade through forests or across seas 422 Interest Act (Indian) 427o Interpretation, rules for ɪ of Vedic texts 863-64, rules for ɪ of Vedic texts have been applied to smṛti texts also 864 Invasion, (see 'nīrājanī'); ambassa- dor to be sent before starting on 226, auspicious and inauspicious sights before 227; proper time for 207, religious ceremonies to be per- formed before starting on 226 Irrigation 162-163, Megasthenes on Indian 162. Ishavan Prasad, Prof 684n Itihāsa, includes both Dharmaśāstra and Arthaśāstra 10, 51. Itihāsaveda, 48 Intoxicants, were altogether forbidden to brāhmaṇas though not to kṣatriyas 848. Jābala upaniṣad 841. Jābali, smṛti of 863-64. Jagannātha, compiler of Sanskrit digest of Hindu Law 688 Jagannath Rao, Mr. N. 903. Jail, construction of, acc. to Manu and Kauṭilya 406, 407, duty of nāgaraka to release on the birth-day of the king or on full moon day prisoners that were young, old or diseased 406, separate accommodation for men and women prisoners in 406, special occasions on which prisoners were discharged from 406, 407 Jāimini (see under Pūrvamīmāmsā), 20, 38, 72, 121n, 143n, 275, 443n, 470n, 471, 515, 527n, 550, 556n, 579n, 608-9, 622, 637, 654, 676, 677n, 694n, 695n, 704-05n, 719, 722, 725, 731n, 770, 777, 827n, 828, 830n, 832n, 835-837n, 841, 843, 848n, 849-51, 855, 864, 870, 905n, 938, 952, 963. Jaiminiya-nyāya-mālā-vistara 835, Jains 698. Jāmadagya 53. Janamejaya, perished because he attacked brāhmaṇas through hot temper 53, 53ṇ Janamejaya, king of the Nipas 53 Jardine, Mr. Jaba author of 'Notes on Buddhist Law' 641ṇ Jarūtha, king of Ayodhyā, was killed by stratagem 85. Jātalas 36, 50, 91, 140n, 159, 399. Jayābhiseka description of 227. Jayamati, queen of Uccala 80 Jayapatra (document embodying the judgment of the court) 380, ancient j from Java 381, distinguished from hīnapatraka 381, distinguished from paścātkāra 380. Jayaswal, Mr. K. P., 6, 14n, 20, 28, 29, 30, 32, 65, 66n, 73, 80, 90, 93-95, 103, 268, 381, 892, 896, 924n, 925ṇ Jayatsena, king of Kāśī 86 Jenls, Dr. E, author nf 'New Jurisprudence' 266. Jews, usury was condemned amongst 425ṇ Jha, Sir Ganganath 850n, 854n Jīmūtavāhana 246, 475, 544, 549n, 568, 715, 781. Jitendriya, a predecessor nf Jīmūtavāhana 636, 769ṇ Jīvanmuktiviveka 882. Jñāneśvari 122ṇ Joint family (see 'property', 'self-acquisition' and 'separate property'), characteristics of, under Dāyabhāga 594-595, inroads on the Mitākṣarā system of 674, is larger than a coparcenary 591, manager of, is called kartā in modern times 592; member of, may have separate property of his own 577, Mitākṣarā doctrine of survivorship rights of males in j. f abrogated by Hindu Women's Rights of Property Act 604-605; modern Courts have allowed individual members of j f tn alienate for value their interest in the property 593-594; no individual member could sell or give property of j. f. for his own purpose under medieval Hindu Law 593; persons that constitute a Hindu j f 590; powers of manager 592, powers of father over property of 593; worship of gods, manes and brāhmaṇas is single for all members of, when they live together 572 Jolly, Dr 122n, 303n, 340n, 379n, 381, 417n, 426n, 443-44, 557, 565, 567, 646n, 648, 665, 688, 717, 727, 772ṇ Innes, Sir William 819, 875, 930ṇ Jndge (see under 'courts') ; country that has śūdra as j. meets ruin 273, duty of British Indian j. 599, fines and punishments of j. for doing certain things 275, five causes of the charge of partiality in 269, impartiality in, insisted upon in smṛtis 273, not to hold conversation in private with any litigant 275, punishment for a j., when threatens, unjustly silences or abuses litigants 255, qualifications of idols, minors, women, brāhmaṇas even if they did not complain 298; śūdra not to be appointed as 273; was styled prāḍvivāka or dharmādhyakṣa 272, was to hear a suit again if decision brought about by perjured evidence 353, was to be preferably a brāhmaṇa 272. Judgment (see 'law suit'), contents of 380, document embodying j. was called jayapatra 380, exceptions to the finality of the j. of the king's court 385, obtained by fraud or force was to be set aside 385. review of, when allowed 382, 385; should provide for the recovery of interest on the claim decreed and the accretions 383. Judicial procedure, appreciation of ancient Indian, by Western jurists 817, smṛtis lay down a high level of 268 Junagadh, inscription of Rodradāman at 30, 89, 105, 117, 185, 890. Jurists, ancient Indian j. were considerate as compared with Western ones 547ṇ Jury, trial by 284. Justice (see 'kiog', 'law suit'): administration of, as depicted 10 Mrcchakatika 279-280, administration of, personified as Dharma 242, administration of, the personal concerns of the king 242; court of, had ten angas 277-278, court of, was called dharmasaoa, dharmadhikarana or dharmasthana 243, 277, court of, was to be to the east of the palace 277, delay in administration of is denial of justice 297, dharmaśāstra rules preferred to Arthaśāstra rules in administration of 283, distinction between civil and criminal 258, impartial administration of, yields same rewards as Vedic sacrifices 242, king disposed I. not by himself alone but with aid of judges, brāhmaṇas &c. 268-269, primarily disposed by the king 268, purpose of administration of is very high viz. the quest of truth 247, qua!ifications of scribes in a court of 278, seating arrangements for king and others 10 a court of 278; secular and spiritual consequences of doing, 386, two principles io administration of, are 'fulfil your promise' and 'causeinjury to no one' 258, was to be dispensed openly in the court 269 Justinias 326 Jyotistoma 469, 470n, 833. Kadambari 24n, 277, 362, Kadambas 39, 70 Kakavarna, a king 86 Kakuni, was medium for purchasing goods 126ṇ Kalasa, king of Kashmir 184 Kali, meaning of 886-887 Kali age, actions forbidden in 885-968, acceptance of secondary sons (except dattaka) forbidden in 599, 653, 659, cups of wine in Santramaoi 1s11 forbidden in 865, date of the beginning of 896f, decline of dharma in 891; description of what will happen in 892-894, marriage with women of a different varṇa forbidden 10 599, niyoga not allowed 10 627, 656, sacrifice of Anubandhya cow forbid den in 627, 865, special share to eldest son condeomed in 627 Kalidasa, 28, 37, 49n, 52, 54, 56, 63, 82, 101-2, 112, 223n, 229n, 230, 243, 269, 407, 702, 896 Kalikapurana 13, 42, 230, 372n, 679, 681ṇ Kalıvarjya 885ff, chapter of, refutes theory of unchanging East 967. Kaliviryayavirnıaya 928n, 929n, 930, 931n, 939, 940n, 942n, 945, 949-50, 953, 963, 966, 968ṇ Kalkio or Kalki, avatara of, 923-925, identified with Yasodharman, 924n, Kalmasapada, story of 359ṇ Kalpa, extent of, 891 Kalpataru, a work 156, 575n, 581n, 610n, 651n, 770n, 928o. Kalyāobhabatta 288 Kama, ten vicious tendencies due to 53, Kamadhenu, a work 39, 581n Kamalakara, author of Nırnayasodhu aod Vivadatandava 246, 692 Kāmandaka, author of Nītisāra, 8, 13n, 17n, 18, 19, 21-22, 25-26, 37, 44-46, 48, 49n, 52-55, 58, 83, 84n, 85, 97, 105-107, 109-111, 116-18, 126-29, 131-33, 142, 160, 163n, 170-74, 179, 181, 184, 186-87, 200-202, 208, 212, 216-219, 221, 224-25, 230, 232n, 238-40, 399, 400ṇ Kāmasūtra, narrates that Prajapati composed a work in 100000 chapters that was abridged by Manu, Bṛhaspati and Naodi 4, states that dharma is the highest of the three Puruṣārthas aod karma the lowest 9, 4, 7, 9, 47n, 53n, 86, 148, 150, 154 Kaoika, mantrio of Dhrtarastra 10. Kanina, son, definition of 647, 660, son, was assigned to the husband of the girl, 652, 660 Kaniuka Bharadvaja 2. Kanishka 24, 905ⁿ. Kantakas, meaning of 162, supported generally by the queen, the Prince, king’s favorites 162. Kantakaśodhana—see under ‘court’. Kāṇva 524 Kanva, smṛti of 943ⁿ. Kāṇvāyanas, successors of the Śuṅgas 39 Kāpālikāśastra 48. Kapur, Mr, author of a work on 'adoption' 662. Karahāṭa, a 10000 province 139. Karāla, king of Videha 52 Karaṇḍikar, Mr J S 903, 911, 912, 917–918, 920–21. Kārīri, sacrifice for bringing down rain 838 Karmavipāka, doctrine of 392 Karna 204, a kānīna son 660. Karṇadeva, a Ceḍi king 126. Karṇaparva 88ⁿ, 127, 205, 208, 209, 214, 216, 917, 918 Kārṣāpaṇa, of silver was in vogue in the Sonth 123, ordinarily means a copper piece used as a coin 121 Karuṣa, king of, was killed by his own son 85 Kāśī, king of, was killed by his queen 85 Kāśikā, cmt on Pāṇini’s sūtras 126ⁿ, 145ⁿ, 156, 359ⁿ, 660, 723, 734, 775ⁿ Kāṭhakagṛhya 879 Kāṭhala saṃhitā 64, 564, 868ⁿ, 964 Kātyāyana, sūtra of 692. Kātyāyana, author of Arthaśāstra 2. Kātyāyana, smṛti of 22, 88, 96, 105, 118, 119, 167–68, 189, 196, 199, 243, 246–47, 251, 258ⁿ, 260–263ⁿ, 264, 268, 271–76, 277, 281, 283, 286, 288, 291–94, 297–98, 301–06, 308, 310–15, 317, 321–22, 326–28, 330–34, 336–37, 339–44, 346–349, 351–52, 354, 356, 362–67, 380, 382ⁿ, 383–85, 387, 394–95, 396ⁿ, 403ⁿ, 410, 413, 417, 419, 421–23, 426, 427ⁿ, 428, 431–445, 447, 448ⁿ, 449, 451–53, 455–60, 462–66, 468, 471–74, 479–80, 482–85, 487–89, 491–95, 500–502, 504, 506–511, 513–15, 517–19, 522– 25, 529, 532–33, 538–40, 554, 566, 573–75ⁿ, 578, 580, 582–85, 589, 592, 609, 617ⁿ, 637–38, 640, 643–44, 651ⁿ, 670ⁿ, 698, 706ⁿ, 707, 708, 710, 715, 721, 754ⁿ, 763, 772, 774–78, 786, 788, 791, 805, 810ⁿ, 817, 862, 868, 881, 882ⁿ. Kātyāyana, author of Vārtikas on Pāṇini 415, 685ⁿ Kātyāyana, śrautasūtra of, 470ⁿ, 500ⁿ, 627ⁿ, 662ⁿ, 836ⁿ, 940, 952. Kaunapadanta 83. Kauṇḍinya 409. Kauravas, army of 204. Kauśāmbī, merchant from, went to Ceylon 937. Kauśīlasūtra 74ⁿ, 75ⁿ, 77, 361ⁿ, 435. Kauṣītaki Āraṇyaka 641ⁿ Kauṣītaki–brāhmaṇa-upaniṣad 565. Kauṭiliya (see under Arthaśāstra) 5, 6, 27 Kauṭilya, advises employment of poison, herbs and incantations 12, advises king in difficulties to deprive even temples of their wealth 13, does not advise people to eschew pleasures altogether 240–241, 1, 9, 10, 12, 17–18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 31, 42, 44–48, 50–52, 54–56, 58–61, 66, 69, 83–85, 87–89, 95, 98, 99, 102, 104–109, 111, 112, 114ⁿ, 116–121, 123, 124, 127–131, 134, 140, 142, 151–52, 154–55, 160–61, 163, 166–67, 169–71, 174–76, 178, 179, 181, 184–85, 188–89, 191, 193, 195, 203ⁿ, 208, 211ⁿ, 212, 216–18, 220ⁿ, 221–23, 228, 230, 232–33, 239–43, 248, 250, 252, 255, 257–58, 273, 275–77, 282, 284, 293–296, 298, 302, 303, 307, 310, 330, 332–34, 336, 342, 343, 345, 347, 349, 356–57, 380, 391–92, 394, 396, 399, 400, 405–06, 409ⁿ, 412, 418–422, 426, 428, 430, 433–34, 440–42, 447, 450–51, 454, 459, 464, 469, 471–72, 476, 478, 481, 489–90, 492, 501, 504, 508, 512–13, 515–17, 519, 525, 527–29, 533–34, 538–39, 566, 573, 589, 598, 608, 616–17, 619, 621, 623, 624, 631, 635, 655, 657, 659, 708, 763, 766, 772, 779, 786-87, 791, 804, 811, 860, 881. Kāntsa 524. Kavadīdvīpa, 1½ lakh country 139. Kavasa Aīlūsa, story of 600ṇ Kāvya, exponnder of rājadharma 2. is said to have ahridged the work of Brahmā 4 Kāvyamīmāmsā 47n, 66n, 67, 134n, 136. Keith, Prof A. B 122n, 388. Kerala, country of, 261 Kesavapandita 13, 403. Khādīra-gṛhya-sūtra 692, 940 Khandadeva 848, 854. Khāravela, king of Kalinga 962, ac- complishments of 49, followed policy of danda, sāma and sandhi 172, Hāthīguṇphā Inscription of, 17, 49, 60, 65, 69, 94, 162, 172, 195, 246 performed Rājaśūya sacrifice 70, was crowned king in his 25th year 80, was styled Kalinga-cakravartin 66, was yuvarāja for 9 years 116 Khāsā, tribe 861n Kīcaka, was met by Bhīma dressed as Draupadī 172 Killing, of anımals forbidden for ten years in Kashmīr 100 King (see under ‘battle’, ‘brāhmaṇa’, ‘coronation’, ‘kṣatriya’, ‘land’, ‘rāja- dharma’, ‘ruler’, ‘taxes’), adhvaryu priest deputized for k when latter engaged in Aśvamedha and got three tımes his ordinary pay 28, administer- ing justice and punishing the guilty were two among the prīme fnnctions of 242, all sons of a k do not suc- ceed to the throne but only the eldest 42, 87, appointed a hierarchy of officers over one village, ten, twenty, 100, villages and so on 141, appointed as many superintendents as were required for several depart- ments of State 142, aspiring to be a samrāt (emperor) performed Aśva- medha and Rājaśūya 70, anthonty of, over brāhmaṇas was limited 25, busi- ness of, to see that proper weights and measures are used 166; calami- ties in a, are sıx 46; characteristics of an ambitious (vijigīṣu) 218, com- pared to tne performer of a sacrifice 61, consultation hy, with ministers should he in a secret place 108, coosultation hy, with three or four mantrıns 107, coronation of 72f, could not be cıted as a wıtoess 176, 336, daily routine of 60-61, depeod- ence of, on sāmvatsara (astrologer) 126, deposing a had k , allowed by Mann, Yāj and others 26, described hy some works as servant of the people 27-28, 36-37, disputes between parties should not be started by h or his officers 251, duties and responsıhilıtıes of, 56-60, duties of are either dṛṣṭārtha or adṛṣṭārtha 8, dnty of, to donate fields and money to brāhmaṇas acc to their worth 1, dnty of, to guård property of minors, women and helpless people 574, dnty of, to prevent danger from thieves in vıllages and forests 1, 167, dnty of, to protect arıses from the takıng of taxes 39, dnty of, to puoish those who swerve from the usages of their famıly, caste, would or group 881-882, dnty of, to save subjects from ınternal calamıtıes such as famınes and floods aod epıdemıcs 163, dnty of, to see that people act acc. to rules of d harmaśāstra 3, 57, dnty of, to support students, learned brāhmaṇas and sacrifıcers 59, 164. dnty of, to tolerate and enforce vary- ing practıces of people 861, edıcts of, how promulgated 99, edıcatıon of 46-53, electıon of 29, eldest son of, generally sncceeded 87, eojoioed to inflıct heavy fınes on hımself for ıllegal exactıons 97, eotıtled to take a sıxth part not only of land produce, hot of many other thıogs 192, enlogy of the offıce of 25, fanlts and vıces of, are due to ıgnorance and lack of traınıng 233, fanlts to be avoıded by 46, fıve chıef dutıes of 57, foremost duty of, is protection 56, 57, 242, fonntain of justice 242, fruits of the polhcy of 216, functions of, were religious and secular 101, gambling the worst of vices in a 54 generally a man alone became al 40, grand policy for a k is anvāsava 12, gronnds of ohhgation to obey the 37, had monopoly as to elephants, saffron &c 197; had to provide for śrāddhas and concubines of the deceased when he took by escheat 763, harmony between l and brāhmaṇas 25, has parts of gods in him 23, has no friend 216, high deal placed before 61-63, 96; hot-tempered l. fell victim to popular fury 98, how k should deal with his officers 114, how k. should spend first and latter part of day 51, incurred sin, if he did not punish the guilty 2, is the maker of his age 3, 892, is the State, acc to Kauṭilya 18, is to look into lawsuits in the 2nd part of the day 95, 242; killing of, when sanctioned by ancient works 26, legislative action of, very limited in ancient times 98, levying an unjust fine was to offer thirty times thereof to Varuna 176, may prohibit export of foodstuffs in a famine 100, may inflict bodily punishment on cāṇḍālas and other low people but should not take fines from them 408, may. take cognizance of matters called chalas, aparādhas of his own motion without anyone’s complaint 263-264, measures to he taken by, for safety against his own sons 83, measures to be taken by, for safety against fire and poisons 84, most important of the seven elements of the State 18, necessity to a k for curbing his senses and not falling a prey to kāma and krodha 53, necessity of moral discipline in the case of 52, necessity of the office of, emphasized 20-22, not showing himself to litigants sufferers like king

Nrga 243, not to run away from battle 57, oppressing subjects 15 made of parts of rākṣasas 25; oppressing subjects may he destroy- ed by brāhmaṇas 27, orders that could be issued by 98-99, orders on certain matters could not he issued by k in ancient India 98-99, paṭṭa (tiara) for the k 82, person abusing the k had tongue cut off 513, policy of, settled in consulta- tion with ministers may be divulged by birds and dogs 108-109, policy of, should not he known to an ont- side 109, 111, procedure followed in issuing orders of 115, public durbar of, how arranged 114, puni- shing those that do not deserve to be punished and not punishing the guilty goes to Hell 242, purposes for which office of k was created by God 21; qualities of a good k. 44- 45, qualities of a k. are 36 acc to Śāntiparva 45, qualities of a k are 96 acc to Paraśurāmapratāpa 46; reasons for raising the l to the position of a divinity 27, responsi- bilities of 161-168, right of, to mines and minerals 196, shared in the spiritual merit and demerit of his subjects 37, 195, should consult purohita after consulting ministers 110, should honour and protect chaste women 59, should listen to the recital of Itihāsa 10, should maintain kṣatriyas, vaiśyas and śūdras that cannot maintain them- selves 59, should not make litigants wait long 243, should perform two lakṣa-houas every year 228, should possess characteristics of certain gods 23, should save a portion of his yearly revenue 228, sometimes selected a younger son to succeed him 44, sources from which law was to be found by 100, stages In the education of 51, three greatest qualities in a l, are hberality, truth- fulness and value 46, throne of 82, that takes taxes without giving pro- tection goes to Hell 191, to avoid gambling and hunting 55, to celebrate festivals in honour of certain deities 234, to decide acc to dharma in case of conflict between dharma- śāstra and practices 9, to found a district of villages on old sites or on new only 134, to gnard his finances with great effort 184, to help agriculturists in various ways 191, to fear every night from his spies the intentions and actions of his enemies, officers and subjects 129, undergoes a ceremonial bath before invasion 227; views on the vidyās essential for the education of 48, vyasanas of 232-233; was to appoint chief justice and sabhyas 271, was to he like a father to his people 62; was to decide acc. to rules of dharmaśāstra and usages 270; was to look personally Into income and expenditure 184; was to punish castes and guilds that swerve from their dharma 238, was to pnnish even the highest functionanes if they go wrong 120; was to pro- text and guard all minors, helpless men and women 665-666; was to show himself to all people every day 61, was to support the aged, the blInd, the cripple, widows, orphans and pregnant women 59; was to up- hold the dharmas of families, castes, guilds and even heretical sects that were not opposed to the Veda 158, 238; who should be 37-38. Kingdom (see under State); description of a flourishing 177. Kings, abdicated in favour of their sons and became hermits 101-102, assumed other names after corona- tion 82, checks that regulated and mitigated the absolute power of 96- 97, 176, examples of k. killed by their subjects 52, examples of k. that suffered from some failing or other 53; historic examples of the election of k. 30-31, ideal of vIjIgīṣu placed before 218, many k are mentioned in the Ṛgveda 63; most harmful vices of 53-54, of three grades 70, persons of all varnas became 38, privileges of 175, relative harmful- ness of different vices of 53-54, rise and fall of, depends on planets 125, seven principal vices of 54, should take care against treachery from ministers and officials 85, six evil tendencies of 52-53; stories of k killed for their tyranny 26; stories of k. that perished through lack of vinaya 52, 53n, that met death In their queen's chambers 85; that met death or misfortunes through their carelessness or the stratagems of those aronnd them 86, vices of kings 53-54, warned against being poisoned 83, will be mostly śūdras in the Kali age acc. to the purāṇas 40. Kingśhíp (see nader 'monarchy '), germs of several theories about 28ff, germs of the theory of divine right of, go hack to the Ṛgveda 32, germs of the theory of divine right found in the Bīhle 36, glorification of 24, glorification of k did not result in the view that every king, however had, was a divinity 25, ideal of k was to he a rājarṣı 52, propositions involved in the full-fledged theory of the divine right of 35, symbols of 82; theory of divine origin of 23, 26, 32-33, 35-36, theory of divine origin of, supported on the ground of the doctrine of karma 27, theory of divine origin of, apphes only to the supreme ruler (mahā- rāja) 25 Kinjalha 2. Kīrātas, dwelt to the east of Bharata- varṣa 67 Kirātārjunīya 8. Kollam era, in Malabar 901. Komatis 252ṇ Kochana, province of 900 villages 139. Korkunov's 'General theory of law' 200, 93. Kosa (see treasury), is the root of the tree of State 184. Kosa, ordeal of 373, 637, prescribed to charges of concealment of joint property by one cosharer 637. Kouhoma 228. Kottapala, an officer 168. Kottaraja, an Ahhira king 86. Krato, a smṛti writer 928 Kratvartha rules 609. Krita, soo, defined 648, 660–61. Krodha, vicious tendencies due to 53. Krsna, death of, started Kaliyuga 896, drank wine 846, had spies in the army of Duryodhaoa 131, married his owo maternal nocle's daughter 846, presided over the sangha of the Vrsnis 88, tried the several upayas in the case of Kaoravas 173, went as eovoy of the Pandavas to the Kaurava court 226. Krsnahbatta, 938, 948, 960, 966. Krsna-Dvaipayana, author of 18 Puraoas 872. Krsnala 121, 125ṇ Krta or Krtrima (see uoder 'son') 647, 660, distinguished from dattaka 500 660, now prevalent only in Mithila and among Nambudiri brāhmaṇas 660 Krta age, belief in, was probably depict ed to induce men to rise morally higher 244; dharma flourished to full perfection 10 244, had no king and no punishment 4, 33, 244, ideal description of, is sometimes asso- ciated with the picture of anarchy 244. Krtyakalpataru (see Kalpataru), a work 13, 301ṇ KrtyaratnoIara 873n Ksapaonakas, held Veda unauthorita- tive 871 Ksatravarmao, a Maukhari king killed by hands 86. kṣatriya, corporations of, to Kam- bhoja and Surastra practised both husbandry and profession of arms 89; duty of, to fight without regard for gain or loss 57, existence of k un Kali age denied hy some works 873 ; highest ideal of, is to die on the battlefield 57, most proper person to be king 37, not to drink wine prepared from flour 848. Ksetraja soo, definition of 647, 659 ; common among kṣatriyas 659, was called Dvyamusyayana by the Mit. 659. Ksiräsvamin, coṃ of Amarakosa 48, 66, 1170, 134, 1400, 1470, 1630, 454, 4910, 754n Kula, of land, meaoiog of 142, 1500. Kulluka, commentator of Manusmṛti 39, 1320, 142, 150n, 178, 191-92, 220, 247-48, 251n, 2720, 280, 322, 383, 406, 4210, 429, 439n, 465, 470n, 523, 572, 5820, 587, 590, 653n, 675, 7030, 7060, 714, 720, 730, 733, 759, 774n, 788, 789n, 825n, 833n, 837, 8400, 8630, 874, 945n, 951ṇ Kumaramãtya, meaoiog of 117 Kumärasambhava 2290, 9070, 916. Kumärila (see under 'Tantravartika'); 38, 7050, 829–31, 833–34, 838–39, 841n, 846, 848, 850, 855. Kunda, a kind of illegitimațe son 6460 Knodamãlã, a play 277ṇ Kūrmapurāṇa 857, 875, 892. Kurukṣetra, brahmanaos residing 10, glorified by Maou, Vasiṣṭha aod others 137, land of K., Matsyas, Pañcãlas was called ‘chosen conotry’ 134 Kusmaoda, mantras called 353 Laghu-Āśvalāyana, smṛti of 646n, 927. Laghu-Harita 7010 Laghu-Viṣṇu 7640. Lakshoma 228. Lalitãditya, poltical will of 817 Lalitavistara 308 Land (see under ‘grant’); gift of, may be made to higher officers, hut without power to sell or mortgage 152, gift of, should oot be made by kiog as emolument to any servant 152; lessee building on another's l. has to remove building when he vacates 480; of brāhmaṇa not allowed to be taken by cāṇḍāla, patita &c. 496, portion of l, set apart for pastures 499-500, sales of, revenue officers were consulted in 142, 497, share of king in produce of 191, six causes of disputes about 502, theory of king's ownership of all l 189, 196, 495-496, trespasser buil- ding on l, of another without paying rent had to leave materials to owner when vacating 480-481. Land grants, were written on cloth or cograved on copperplates 307-308. Land Revenue Code (Bombay Act V of 1879) 196, 441. Lankā, description of 180, 214. Lanman, Dr. 770. Laski, Prof. H., author of 'Grammar of Politics' 137. Langāksi 588n, 692, 864, 961ṇ Lavana, a demon 203. Lavanaprasāda, a Vāghela king abdi- cated in favour of his son Vira- dhavala 102, made a treaty with Yādava king Singhana 225. Law, Dr N. N. 14n, 67, 222. Law, equality of all people before 819, differential treatment before l. allow- ed only to exceptional cases and had gone out of vogue at least from 12th century 398n, favours minors 328, rule of, was the ideal of smṛtis 398n, 819, helps the vigilant 4650, sources from which the king was to find the l 100, taking the l. into one's own hands punishable 388, 408, two schools of Hindu 544. Law Quarterly Review 559, 560 Laws, classification of, in modern works 266-267, affecting Hindu ideas and practices 821, conflict between kṣ- tree l and usages 283. Law-suits, adjournment of 296, are either sapana or apana 263, bet- ween husband and wife, father and son, teacher and pupil, master and servant, discouraged 299, compro- mise of 303-304, death of parties to 302, delay in disposal of, not allowed in ancient India 295, may be decided by courts of several grades 280, of two kinds, according as they originate in wealth or injury 258, place of inference and presumption in the decision of 355, retrial of 385, stages in 297-298, third stage in, is adducing evidence 304, trans- fer of, from one judge to another 386 Lawyers, existence of, in ancient India 288-290 Lea, author of 'Superstition and Force' 405ṇ Lead, was supposed to destroy sorcerers 213. Legal Procedure, four stages of 297-298, purpose of, is very high, viz. quest of truth 247. Legge 183, 390. Lekhapañcāśikā 225. Levi, M, Sylvain 934ṇ Leviticus 389n, 4250. Lex Tahoolis 388-389. Licchavis, Vesāli was capital of 90. Līlāvatī, a work 122n, 145n, 370n, 898 Limitation, for claiming share when cosharer absent 635, law of, in ancient smṛtis 408-410, law of, plays very small part in ancient smṛtis 408, none applicable to pledges, deposits and property of minors, idiots, the State, women and learned brāhmaṇas 409, periods of, laid- down by smṛtis only in a few cases 409-410, very short periods of, pre- scribed by Marīci in some cases 409, Limitation Act (Indian) 325, 326, 328n, 635ṇ Lingapurāṇa 40, 227, 892. Liquor, superintendent of 147. Litigant, grounds on which l. became a losing party 303. Livelihood, means of 550ṇ Loan should oot be given to mioors, slaves, women 413, time when l has tn be retorned 425. Local administration 153-159. Lohāhhīhārä, meaning nf 910–911. Lokāyata, meaning nf 46–47; views ascribed to 47ṇ Lost property, owner of, has to prove title, possession and that he had not abandoned, mortgaged or sold it 464; rights of owner of 465; rules about 175–76, 464. Low castes, eighteen, that were beyond the pale of the four varnas 285. Lummini, village was exempted by Asoka from the payment of baïs tax 190. MacCrindle 89, 103, 115, 162–63, 183, 204, 308, 901. Machiavelli 10, holds that all men are natnrally wicked 238ṇ Madanapāla, patron of the writer of Madaoapārijāta 793. Madanapārijāta 569, 571, 581n, 587, 607n, 616o, 621o, 623, 656n, 659, 660n, 715n, 719, 721, 729n, 730–31, 750n, 755n, 781, 790n, 793, 870, 884, 928o, 929, 948, 960, 966, differs frm Subodhini 793. Madanaratna (on vyavahāra) 247o, 286, 299n, 330n, 333n, 334n, 344, 350n, 354n, 355n, 372o, 379o, 382n, 383n, 417o, 427, 464, 501, 505n, 507n, 512, 517n, 518n, 532, 536n, 545–46, 548n, 549n, 550o, 552, 553n, 555, 568n, 569, 571n, 572n, 599, 603, 605, 610n, 620, 623, 625o, 628n, 629n, 651n, 656n, 709o, 721, 729n, 733n, 764, 777n, 779, 793n, 797n, 861, 928n, 929n, 930. Mādhava 120, 713. Madhucchandās, soo of Viśvāmitra 663. Madhnparia, to whom offered 940, 945. Madras (see Dravida), School of Hindn Law 545. Madras Debt Conciliatino Act 425. Madya, meaning of 965; rules about drinking of 965–66; ten hinds of 965, touch of, forbidden to brāhmaṇas 965. Māgha, author of Sisupālavadha 313ṇ Mahābhārata 2–4, 10, 18, 21, 28. 33, 53, 61, 68, 78, 87, 101, 103, ¹127, 134, 152, 161, 168, 170–71, 180, 203, 206, 208, 213–16, 226, 243, 353, 542, 609, 644, 708, 819n, 853, 860, 885, 888, 904–921, astronnmıcal data in 904–921, Machiavellian advice in 10–11, purpose of the composi-tinn of 872, Śāntiparva of, deals with rājadharma at length 2. Mahābhārata war, date nf 902ff. Mahābhāsya 38n, 46n, 88, 104, 135, 140n, 141n, 144n, 161, 183, 190, 487, 499o, 541n, 550ṇ Mahākṣatrapa 49. Mahāmātras, are officers mentioned in Aṣoka’s edicts 112. Mahānandin, a king of the Saiśuñga dynasty 899. Mahāpadma (Nanda), 899. Mahāparimibbānasntta 90, 91. Mahāparvanatantra 559, 560 Mahāprasthāna, meaning nf, 939 Mahāraṣṭra, works of M. school of Hindn Law 545. Mahāsthāna (ancient Pundraoaagara) 164. Mahāvastu 91. Mahāvagga 66, 90, 246. Mahendra, as fnuoder of rājasaśāstra 2, Indra became M. after slaying Vṛtra 65. Maiden, became putrikā, according to some, merely by father’s onexpress-ed intention 658; brotherless ṃ came hack to her father’s house after marriage acc. to the Ṛgveda 658; marriage of brotherless ṃ was diffi-cult in Vedic age 658. Maine, Sir Henry, oo ‘Early Hıstory nf Institntınns’ 15; oo ‘Ancient Law’ 387. Maintenance, debts of a man take precedence over his wife’s or widow’s right of 816; effect of uochastity oo right to 806–808; hability of maoager of joint family as to 804-805. patnī and his son not entitled to 805, persons excluded from inheritance or partition are entitled to 611, 805, persons that are entitled to ṃ even when a man has no property 803-804, right of concubine to 810-815; son of a dvija from a śūdra concubine entitled to 808-809, sons of pratīloma unions were entitled to 618, 808; two grounds on which habilitv to provide m arises 803. Maitrāyaṇīyapariśiṣṭa 653. Maitrī Upaniṣad 66. Majority Act (Indian) 574, 667, 674, 699ṇ Majority, age of, was sixteen, ncc. to Nārada 395n Majumdar, Dr. R. C. 82, 158, 159, 641, 934ṇ Mālamāsatattva 870ṇ Mālavas, oligarchy of 68, were defeated by Samudragupta 89. Mālavikāgnimitra 70, 102, 109, 116, 269, 407. Mallinātha 49n, 229n, 252ṇ Mamālabhāra, modern Māval in Panna District 139 Māmsatattvaviveka of Viśvanātha 928n, 946. Mānasollāsa (same as Abhilāṣitārtha- cintāmaṇi) 13, 19, 21, 44, 46, 54, 106, 107, 109, 111, 118, 127, 133, 141, 174, 179, 188, 191, 192, 197–98, 200–201, 203n, 206, 208, 212, 224, 227, 242, 250, 251, 271–72, 400, 541, 881. Mānavagṛhyasūtra 641n, 856 Mānavas, school of, nn Arthaśāstra 2, 48, 106 Mandala (meaning 'country'), extent of 138-139 Mandala (interstate relations) 217, different views concerning the number of elements that go to make up 221, theory of 220, theory of 217-222, theory of, is related the theory of śāktis and the six guṇas 222, theory of, is set out in relation to an ambitious king 218, the element of truth in theory of 222, to keep balance of power among several States was the central idea of the theory of 222. Māṇḍavya, story of 255n, through not a thief said through fear of torture that he was a thief 255, 357, 521 Maṇḍlik 197n, 677n Māṇimekhalai, a work 164 Mantra, has five elements 111, is the root of victory 111. Mantrasakti 171. Mantrin (see under minister). Manu, composed science of Artha 6, Prācetasa, an expounder of rāja- śāstra, 2, 4. Manu, Vaivasvata was made king by Brahmā 34, Vaivasvata was made king by the people 21, 31, 52. Manu, divided his wealth among his sons 543, 622. Manusmṛti is authoritative for all people 853, pre-eminent position of 868. Manusmṛti 6–9, 17–23, 25–27, 32, 36, 38, 49, 42–44, 48, 51–54, 56–61, 71, 80, 83, 85, 95–98, 100, 102, 104–109, 115, 118–121, 123, 127–129n, 132–34, 137, 141–42, 146n, 150, 154, 158, 161, 165–67, 170–72, 175–76, 178, 179, 181, 184–86, 190–92, 194–96, 199, 205, 208–12, 216, 217, 221–22, 224, 228, 237, 242–45, 247–48, 251, 257, 261, 268, 270–74, 276–77, 280, 284–85, 295–96, 298–299, 303, 307, 312n, 315, 317, 320, 326–27, 330–34, 336–37, 342–44, 347, 351, 353, 355, 358–61, 363, 369n, 382, 384–87, 389– 393n, 394–398n, 400–409, 412, 418, 420–23, 428–29, 437–439n, 440, 443, 447, 449n, 451–458, 460, 462–64, 469, 471n, 472, 478, 484, 486, 489, 491–92, 498–509, 511n, 512, 514– 528, 532n–38, 548, 550n, 551–53, 555–56, 558, 563, 566, 570–72, 574, 576–580, 582, 584, 586n, 589n, 595– 599, 601, 602n, 605n, 606, 610–11. 613, 615, 617-19, 621, 623-24, 626-28, 630, 634-36, 640-642, 644-46, 648n-655, 657-58, 660, 663-64, 666, 672, 675, 677-78, 686, 690, 691n-92, 694-95, 699n, 700, 702, 703n, 706, 709, 712, 714, 718-21, 725, 727, 731, 733, 734, 736, 741, 743, 746-49, 752, 753n, 754n, 759, 762-764n, 766, 769-71, 773, 776n, 777-79, 787-90, 792n, 794, 797, 803-808, 814-15, 825n-27, 833n, 837, 839, 841, 848, 851n, 852, 854, 856, 857, 858n, 859-862, 863-64, 865-66, 868-871, 873-877, 879, 881, 883, 885, 887n, 890-92, 927, 931-34, 937-39, 941-43, 945n, 947, 952-5, 958-60, 963-965. Manvaotaras, extent of 891. Marici, smṛti of 306, 326, 409, 465. Mārkaṇdeya-purāṇa 3, 13, 24, 53, 62, 134-35, 137, 170, 237, 239, 255n, 534, 747, 857, 890. Marriage, customs as to 879-880; son of anuloma m held to be aurasa by the Mitākṣarā 656, with brotherless maiden disapproved of in the Ṛgveda and in some smṛtis 658, with girl who is a sapiṇḍa, sagotra or sapravara is void, acc to Mit. 837-38, with maternal uncle's daughter 876-77, 932. with paternal aunt's daughter 932. Marshall, Sir John, author of 'Mohenjo-daro' 180. Marumakkattayam Law 560. Maruts, seven 358. Māsa, equal to 16th or 20th part of pana 121n, 420n, of silver was equal to 2 raktikās 121n, 420n Maskarin, commentator of Gautama Dh S. 121ṇ Master ond servant ( sec uoder 'herds-man') 476-484, care required of scrvaot as to otcosls of ṃ 477, liablhty of m for umproper acts of servant 481, 484, liable to find if he does not pay servant's wagcs 478, liable to find if he abandons a servant that is tired or ill on a jourucy 480, pro- visions for scrvaot's falling ill after undertaking some work for ṃ 478; servant not doing work after receiving wages was liable to five and to compensate m 477-478; time when wages may be paid 476, what was to be paid to s when no wages settled beforehand 476-77. Maitradatta 685n Matsyapurāṇa 3, 9, 13, 17n, 18n, 22-24, 30, 40, 51-53, 59-60, 67, 83, 84, 86, 104, 105, 108, 112n, 117, 126n, 127, 133, 135, 160-61, 170, 172, 174, 175, 179, 181, 190, 226-27, 315,355, 385, 389n, 401, 403, 406, 474n, 478, 481, 500, 508-509, 512, 521, 524, 528, 533-34, 642, 741, 890, 892, 895n, 896n, 897n, 899-900, 902, 905n, 923-24, 932, 956. Mattavilāsa-prahāsana 276. Mauryas, conferred a boon on traders that for certain offences they were not to be sentenced to death 390, founded images for public worship for the sake of wealth 124n, 188ṇ Mausaparva 897. Mavjee and Parasnis 377. Maxim, about the respective scopes of rule and exception 796n; caveat emptor 492; circumstances cannot₺ lie 357, conventional sense to be preferred to etymological sense 780n; de minimis non cnrst lex 300, omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem 305, 348n; of bhūta-bhavyasamuccāna 695, of brāh-mana and śrāmaṇa 38; of crow's eye 841n, of ekavākyatā 443, of 'dvayoh praṇayanti' 704-705; of gobālivarda 147n, 355, 526, 732; of mātsyaṇyāya 21, 238; of reconciliation of apparently couflicting texts 322, of same word not to be nscd in a literal and a secondary sense in the same sentence or con-text 725n, of sarvōṣākhāpratyaya 870, of nniuvtcd persons being placed at the eod of a row 718-719, 731; what is not dissented from may be taken as approved 669. MaxMüller 16, 306, 933ṇ Maya, on the constituents of Mandala 221. Māyā (an upāya), illustrations of 172. Mayamata, a work on Vāstusāstra 182n Mayne, on 'Hindu Law' 660, 757ṇ Mayūkhāmālūkā, com on Sāstudipikā 828n, 833n, 836n, 844n Measures, differed in different countries and at different times 146n, 500n Medhātithi, coṃ of Mannsmṛti, 7-8, 20; 25n, 37-40, 58n, 59, 85, 95, 98, 100, 107, 129n, 150, 162, 165-66, 170, 176, 178, 192, 196, 210, 222, 242, 248, 280, 295, 322, 325, 330, 337n, 338, 344, 363, 383, 390, 392n, 398n, 406, 429, 443n, 464n, 469, 471n, 486, 488, 518, 550n, 557, 586n, 598, 605n, 619, 627, 653, 654n, 658n, 675, 706, 714, 718, 720, 734n, 764n, 771, 777, 779, 788n, 803, 828, 830n, 831, 851n, 852, 854, 857n, 859, 860n, 863, 865, 868n, 870-72, 874, 875, 892, 927, 937, 942n, 958n Megasthenes (on India in MacCrindle's work) 115, 162-63, 180, 183, 192, 197, 203-04, 206, 210, 243, 308, 390, 403, 418, 901. Mehta, Mr. R. N. 31. Mihirakula, a ruthless Hūņa invader, 924n, conquered by Yasodharman 925ṇ Milinda, questions of 289-90, Mīmāṁsā, (see under Jaimini and Pūrvamīmāṁsā) 550, 694, 704, 725, is concerned with the investigation of dharma 838. Mīmāṁsākanstubbha, a work 847n, 851n, 854ṇ Minakshi, Dr 31, 82. Mines, everything dug up from, belongs to king 194, 196; king was to guard all 196-197, superintendent of 196. Ministers, change of portfolios among 114, council of 107, duty of, to prevent king from following evil course 109; eight, appointed by Shivaji 106; faults that disqualify persons from being 107; matters in which m should be consulted 110; necessity of 104; number of, varied 106; of two classes, advisory and executive 105; often rose from low birth 116, opinions of absent, to be secured in writing 109, qualifica-tions of 107-108 ; second, out of seven elements of rājya 104, to be chosen from the three higher varnas 108, to be hereditary, if ability exists 108, view of the majority of, to prevail 109. Minor, age up to which a person was deemed to be 573-74; person under-taking to be guardian of, has to take as much care of property of m as of his own 460, property of, to be guarded by king 165 Minority, age of, determined by old Hindu Law even now in marriage, dower, divorce, and adoption 574; terminated after 15 or 16, acc. to different authorities 164, 573-74. Mint, superintendent of 144. Misarumisra, author of Vivādacandra 246. Mischief, to property punished with fines 516 Mitākṣarā, is predominant in the whole of India except in Bengal 544, school of, divided into four sub-schools 544-545; theory of Buddhist influence on, examined 640-641, variance between the doctrines of the Dāyabhāga and the Mit 558-559; view of, that ownership arises in the son and grandson by birth 546-557. Mitākṣarā, com on Yājñavalkyasmṛti, 7-8, 10, 44, 48, 119, 120n, 121, 123, 124n, 128, 129n, 132n, 139, 160, 167, 173, 175-76, 195, 209, 219-220, 223, 242, 247, 248n, 251n, 260n, 261, 263n, 268, 271n, 272n, 273n, 274, 280, 286, 287n, 291-93, 299, 300n, 301-02, 304-06, 309-11, 314-15, 318-19, 321, 323, 325, 328, 334n, 338n, 339-41n, 342, 344n, 346-50, 352, 358, 360n, 363n, 364n, 365, 366n, 368, 372n, 373, 380-81, 383, 385, 394-95, 397, 402o, 408, 410n, 424, 426-429n, 430, 432, 435-437o, 438n, 439n, 442n, 443n, 444, 447o, 448o, 459o, 462n, 463n, 464, 470o, 471o, 482o, 487-89, 491n, 494n, 495, 497, 499n, 500o, 501n, 502n, 504, 506, 513-15, 517-18, 521, 523n, 524, 525n, 531, 545-46, 548-50n, 551, 553, 554o, 556-57, 560-63, 567, 569-70, 573, 575n, 576- 77, 579, 581n, 583n, 585-88, 592n, 593, 595n, 596, 601, 603, 605, 609, 610n, 612, 613o, 614, 616n, 617, 619, 622-23, 627, 629-30, 634n, 635n, 637, 639-41, 647n, 650n, 651n, 653, 654n, 656, 659-60, 664, 677-78, 685n, 690o, 701-703o, 704n, 706, 707n, 708, 711, 714n, 715, 718-19, 721, 725, 727, 731-32, 734, 737n, 742, 743, 747-48, 750-53, 755, 760, 762-68, 771n, 773, 774n, 775, 776n, 780, 785n, 787, 790n, 792-94, 798o, 801, 803, 807, 809, 811, 813- 15, 823, 827o, 828, 857n, 863-64, 866, 868-870, 874, 878, 882, 931, 933, 941-43, 947-48, 951, 955, 958n, 959, 961, 965, 970 Mitramiśra, coṃ of Yājñavalkya 864n, 867n, 873, 881. Mlecchas, came to see Yoddhisthira's Rājasūya 937; dwelt on all borders of Bhāratavarṣa 67, paid tribute to Bhīma 232; sprang from Anu, son of Yayāti 937. Mohenjo-daro, excavations at 180, 307; walls found at, were built with burnt bricks 180 Monarchy, did not descend to eldest son, if he suffered from defects 43, hereditary ṃ was the form of government in ancient and medieval India 87, 235, order of succession to 42-43, was generally hereditary and descended by the rule of primo- geniture 41-42. Money-lending (see ‘interest’); called kuśīda and vārdhuṣa 417; was not condemned when interest was charg- ed at ⁸/8th of the principal per month 418. Monopoly, of kings as to elephants, saffron &c 197 Month, whether it ended with Full Moon or Amāvāsyā 906. Mootrian, W A. on ‘The Hindu will in Bengal’ 818ṇ Morals, theory of progressive deteriora- tion in 886. Mortgage (see under ‘pledge’, ‘tṛaoșac- tion’), creditor fined as a thief if he did not allow redemption, when debtor has the right and is ready to redeem 433; particulars such as boundaries must be given in deed of 431; redemption of, on the death or in the absence of mortgagee 435; submortgage, not allowed by some 429; when executant of ṃ may lose his ownership 433-34; when holder of m can sell property for recovery of dues either privately or through court 434; when redemption of, can be secured 433-34. Mother, cannot be legally abandoned by son, though she be patitā 613n, 804, 948; divergent views about the right of ṃ to a share on partition 605-606; does not include step- mother in the matter of inheritance 724; entitled to a share when her sons or stepsons come to a partition but she cannot compel partition 605; inheriting to her son takes a limited estate 723; Madras High Court does not allow a share to a m on partition 606; preferred to the father as an heir to her deceased son by the Mit. and some other works 721-22 Mṛcchakaṭikā 121n, 255o, 271, 275, 277, 279, 290, 293n,344-45, 357, 362, 389, 391, 399, 407, 456 Mṛttikāvati 108. Mūhūrtas, fifteen of the day and 15 of the night 907ṇ Mūla, śānti for birth on 966. Molla, Sir D. F. on ‘Hindu Law’ 660. Muṇḍakopaniṣad 888. Musicians, and actors were not to take excessive gifts or indulge in extravagant praise of patrons 253. Nābhānedistha, story of 543, 545. Nāgaraka, duties of 149, 406 Nāgasena 108. Nabhusa 52-53, 55, 845. Naigama, meaning of 487. Naukins, adoption of girls by 972. Nala 53, 55. Nambūdrī brāhmaṇas 657. Nanabhai Haridas, Mr. Justice 591ṇ Nana Phadnis 386. Nanaghat Inscription 66. Nānaka, 121ṇ Nandana, com nf Manusmṛti 587, 774n, 875. Nanda Paṇḍita 192, 403, 684, 717, 727, 735. Nandas, Mahāpadma, the first of 900; one of, was killed by Cāṇakya 86. Nārada, author of work on politics 70. Nārada, is a thoroughgoing advocate of the theory of divine right of kings 35-36. Nārada, smṛti of, 3, 9, 17, 23, 27, 32, 35, 37, 94, 98n, 121n, 123, 146n, 158, 159n, 166-67, 187, 189, 195, 206, 242- 46, 248, 250, 257, 259, 260n, 262-64, 269-76, 278, 279n, 280, 286-288n, 289n, 291-94, 296, 299-305n, 306, 308, 309-15, 317-18, 320, 322, 327, 330-334, 337-39, 342n, 343, 346- 350n, 351, 354, 356-59, 362-68, 370, 372n, 373-74, 376n, 379-80, 382- 83, 385-86, 388-89, 394-96, 402- 404, 408-409, 413, 416-18, 420- 22, 425-28, 431, 433, 434n, 435-36, 438, 440, 442-43, 445, 446n, 447, 449n-52, 454-58, 460, 462-63, 466- 67, 469, 471-72, 474, 476-92, 497- 502, 504-505, 507, 509-16, 519-26, 528, 533-36, 538-40, 545, 552, 555- 56, 567-69, 572-73, 577n, 580, 582, 584, 590, 592, 595, 598, 605, 610- 11, 617n, 621, 623-25, 634n, 638, 640, 643-44, 650-652n, 660, 663, 665n, 703n, 706, 709, 714, 747, 749, 762, 773, 790, 803n, 804, 810, 816, 867, 868, 882-83, 885, 932, 934, 936, 952. Nāradīya-purāṇa 656n, 892, 895n, 928, 939. Narasimha, avatāra of Viṣṇu 214. Nārāyaṇa commentator of Āśv śr. 685n, 856n, commentator of Manusmṛti 714, commentator of Āśv gr. 879. Nationality, merits and defects of sentiment of 137-138. Nationhood, sentiment of, how far prevalent in ancient India 136-138. Nayaviveka of Bhavanātha 550n, 555ṇ Nibandha, meaning of 575ṇ Nibandhanakāra, a writer 258. Nietzsche 215ṇ Nīlakaṇṭha, commentator of Mahā- bhārata 161n, 202, 221n, 650, 893n, 908n, 911n, 912n, 913, 914n, 917. Nīlakaṇṭha, author of Nītimayūkha and Vyavahāramayūkha 13, 610n, 668, 722, 878. Nīlakaṇṭha Śāstrī, Prof, K A., author of 'Studies in Cola history' and 'Pāṇḍyan kingdom' 156, 196, 400ṇ Nīmi 52. Nīrājana, the rite of waving lights be- fore armiea, horses, elephants, weapons &c. 230-231, 910n, 911. Nirṇayasindhu 236, 545, 615, 626n, 627, 657n, 668n, 669, 679n, 680, 688n, 692, 696, 697, 739, 759, 873, 878, 910n, 911, 926, 928n, 929n, 930, 931n, 938, 940, 944-45, 950, 960-61, 963-964. Nirukta 28, 41, 104, 164, 276, 415, 519n, 541, 543n, 544, 612, 641, 657n, 658, 714, 754n, 845, 863, 886n, 889. Niṣāda (same as Pārāśava) 599. Niṣkālapuri, an adept in Tāntric rites 81. Nītimayūkha of Nīlakaṇṭha, 13, 38, 48, 72, 74, 75n, 79-81n, 82, 170, 217, 227. Nītiprakāśikā 4, 13, 60, 62, 112n, 205, 208, 214. Nītisāra (see under Kāmandaḳīya- nītisāra also) 3, 5, 6. Nītiśāstra, meaning of 8 Nītivākyāmṛta, 19, 43, 47n, 50–51, 69, 85–86, 105, 107–08, 110–113n, 119n, 128n, 133, 166, 171, 172n, 174, 179, 203n, 217–18, 220n, 221, 232, 240. Nīvartana, extent of 141n; why so called 145n Nīyoga, practice of, condemned by Āpastamba 644, practice of, prohibited in Kali age 627, 814. Non-conformists, harsh laws against, in England 547ṇ Nṛga, story of king 243, 296. Nṛsimhapurāṇa 892, 923–24. Nuisances, rules for preventing, on public roads and near private houses 508. Nyāsa (deposit) 454–455. Nyāyasudhī, coṃ on Tantravārtika 828n, 837n, 843n, 847, 851n, 852ṇ Nyāyasūtra 46n, 589ṇ Oaths, special, how taken 350, special, taken by Vasiṣṭha and others 359; were taken not only in judicial proceedings but also in ordinary dealings 358. Oaths Act (Indian) 346ṇ Offenders, had to pay fine for lying and bear expenses of medical help and fond of the injured 516. Officers, emoluments of, in charge of a village, ten villages &c. 150–151; forty ways of embezzlement of Govt. money by 144; grades of 113, high, different at different times 111–112, king not to side with o but with the people 114; liability of, to catch thieves and make good loss 1, 167; pay of 113, 120; pensions and gratuities to, provided by Kauṭilya 152; qualifications of n of several departments 142; rules about casual leave, sick leave and pension after 40 years' service for 152; special functions of certain high 114, taking bribes were deprived of wealth and banished 161, ten principal o. of the king 113; transfer of 152; very high salaries paid to high 152–153. Oldenberg 229ṇ Oligarchies in ancient India 87; became rare after the 5th or 6th century A.D. 89. Oliver Twist, by Dickens 60. Oppert, Dr. 213. Ordeals (see under 'divya'); all allowed in all castes, except poison which was not for brāhmaṇas 365; all, to be administered by Chief Justice in the presence of king, sabhyas and brāhmaṇas 367, are to be resorted to only when none of the human means of proof are possible or available 304–05, 363, brief history of 361–362, by whom not to be undergone 365, Candādevī, a Raṭṭa queen, underwent the ordeal of striking a snake in a jar 366n; Dharma, the principal deity in the procedure of 368, earliest reference to, in Pañcavimśa Brāhmaṇa and Chāndogya Upaniṣad 362; generally end in immediate decision 358; generally to be administered to defendant 364, 365, may be administered to any litigant by mutual agreement 364; mentioned in epigraphic records 376–77, of balance, description of 369–70, 376n; of balance to be administered to minors, women, very old men, the blind, the cripple, the diseased and brāhmaṇas 365, of balance, fire, poison and water to be administered in claims of over 1000 panas and in charges of treason and of a grave sin 365; of dharma described 375; of fire, described 370–71, 376n; of kośa, allowed in all claims of whatever value 365, of kośa, described 373–74, of phāla 375, of poison, described 372–73; of snake in the jar 367; of taṇḍula 374, of taptamāṣa 374–75; of water, described 371–72, 376; of water and poison to be gone not of vogue in the age of the Smṛticandrikā, 371, persons of higher castes to be treated as Śūdras in o if they follow professinn of cowherds, traders, artisans, domestic servants 365; persons who could undergo o throngh depaties 366, pre- valence of, in judicial systems of most countries in ancient times 375–76, procedure common to all 368–69, proper place for o. 367–68, proper times and seasons for several 367, to be administered to mlecchas, un- touchables, slaves, offspring of sankara are those customary among them 366, undergone by Mahomedan litigants under Maratha rule 378, were in vogue during Maratha rule 377–78; when not to be administered to certain persons 365–366; when optional with hman means of proof 305. Ornaments, ordinarily worn by members of a joint family and their wives were not to be divided at a partition 587, 596; property of women in 771, 777. Ortolan, author of ‘History of Roman Law’ 389n, 441ṇ Othello 533. Outcast (see under ‘patita’); excluded from inheritance or partition 610– 611; son of, excluded from share or inheritance 611 Ownership, arises, acc. to Gautama, in five ways in the case of all castes 317, 548, arises by birth in the case of sons, grandsons, and great-grand- sons 552–554, eight modes of acquir- ing, acc. to Vasiṣṭha 317; exact definition of, is difficult 554, how partition is a source of 549n, is of various kinds 554, long possession is not expressly mentioned as source of o. in ancient works 317; mode of transferring o. is by transfer of posse- ssion 319, of coparcenary property under Mitākṣarā 561; reasons for the view that o. arises from partition 552–553, special sources of o. among brāhmaṇas and the other castes 317, tn be distinguished from mere posses- sion 554, whether understood from śāstra alone 448–451 Oxen, how many were to be yoled in a plongh 150ṇ Padas, 32, of which the king could take cognisance without a person’s com- plaint 265. Padmāvati 108 Pāla, was equal to 320 raktikās 121. Pāla, dynasty of Bengal, founded by Gopāla 30. Palace, gate of, should face south 1; had dancing halls 180, had seven or eight storeys 180, measurements of, acc. to Bṛhatsaṁhitā 180, posi- tion and extent of king’s 181, should be in the centre of the capital 1. Pālaka, a king 399. Palibothra (vide Pāṭalīputra) 204. Pallava, dynasty in South India 31, 69, 162, 890. Paṇa, is ordinarily of copper 121, of 80 or 100 raktikās 121n; weight and value of 120ff. Pañcasiddhāntikā 889, 895, 898 Pañcatantra 5, 8, 25, 78, 111, 160n, 161, 171n, 178, 949ṇ Pañcavimśa Brāhmaṇa 361. Panchayats 280–281. Pāṇḍavas, army of 204, started on the Great Journey in the Himālaya 939 Paṇḍita, supplanted purohita in course of time 126. Pāṇḍu (see under Dhṛtarāṣṭra) 55, 68, 609. Pāṇini 19, 38n, 46n, 47n, 66, 88, 117n, 124n, 125n, 134, 140n, 141n, 144n, 145n, 156, 183, 190, 330, 415, 434n, 435, 464n, 487, 491n, 494n, 541, 544, 550n, 551, 555n, 581n, 660, 685n, 707, 722n, 726, 734, 754n, 762n, 774n, 775n, 852n, 936. Pannālāl, on ‘Kumarnn local customs’ 675, 684. Parāśara, author of a work on astrology and astronomy 906n, 916, 917, 919ṇ Parāśara, author an Arthasūtra 2 Parāśara, author of a work in prose 715ⁿ, 718. Parāśaras, school of 2, 83, 233. Parāśara, smṛti of, 58, 124ⁿ, 185ⁿ, 211, 432ⁿ, 646ⁿ, 668, 703ⁿ, 791, 869, 892, 935, 942-44, 946-47, 949, 952, 956. Parāśara-Mādhavīya, 38, 124ⁿ, 185ⁿ, 247, 258ⁿ, 259ⁿ, 260-61, 263-265ⁿ, 270ⁿ, 275ⁿ, 277-78, 281, 282ⁿ, 283, 284ⁿ, 285ⁿ, 286ⁿ, 287ⁿ, 292, 297-99, 302, 303ⁿ, 305ⁿ, 311, 314-15, 317, 326ⁿ, 328, 331ⁿ, 336ⁿ, 337ⁿ, 341ⁿ, 342ⁿ, 345ⁿ, 346ⁿ, 347ⁿ, 348ⁿ, 354ⁿ, 355ⁿ, 357ⁿ, 358ⁿ, 366ⁿ, 367, 379ⁿ, 380ⁿ, 383ⁿ, 385ⁿ, 386ⁿ, 387ⁿ, 410ⁿ, 412ⁿ, 419ⁿ, 421, 424ⁿ, 426ⁿ, 429, 431, 432ⁿ, 434ⁿ, 438ⁿ, 439ⁿ, 441ⁿ, 442ⁿ, 445ⁿ, 449ⁿ, 451ⁿ, 455ⁿ, 456ⁿ, 457ⁿ, 458ⁿ, 460ⁿ, 462ⁿ, 463ⁿ, 464ⁿ, 465ⁿ, 466ⁿ, 468ⁿ, 472ⁿ, 473ⁿ, 477ⁿ, 478ⁿ, 479ⁿ, 480ⁿ, 483ⁿ, 491ⁿ, 499ⁿ, 501, 505ⁿ, 506ⁿ, 510ⁿ, 514ⁿ, 516ⁿ, 521, 527ⁿ, 529ⁿ, 531ⁿ, 532ⁿ, 533ⁿ, 539ⁿ, 540ⁿ, 545-46, 549, 551, 553ⁿ, 556ⁿ, 580ⁿ, 581ⁿ, 582ⁿ, 585ⁿ, 586ⁿ, 593ⁿ, 599, 607ⁿ, 609ⁿ, 620ⁿ, 621ⁿ, 623ⁿ, 628ⁿ, 636ⁿ, 642, 709, 712, 713ⁿ, 715ⁿ, 721ⁿ, 733ⁿ, 755ⁿ, 763ⁿ, 769ⁿ, 772ⁿ, 777ⁿ, 779ⁿ, 780ⁿ, 782, 783ⁿ, 790ⁿ, 791, 793, 800ⁿ, 810ⁿ, 856ⁿ, 862ⁿ, 867ⁿ, 870, 877, 884-85, 927, 928ⁿ, 929, 939ⁿ, 943ⁿ, 944. Pārāśava sūo (same as Śāodra) 599. Pārāśikas, custom of marrying one's own mother among 859ⁿ. Parāśara 791. Parāśara-gṛhyasūtra 828ⁿ, 856, 866, 880. Paraśurāma, enjoyed earth for a long time by conquest of six evil tendencies 53. Parāśurampratāpa, a work, 46, 179, 189ⁿ, 196, 215 Pargiter, author of 'Dynasties of the Kali age' 900, 923ⁿ Paribhāṣāsāprākāśa (part of Vīramitrodaya) 840ⁿ, 865ⁿ, 872ⁿ, 873ⁿ, 881.

Pārijāta, a work, 581ⁿ, 589ⁿ, 625ⁿ, 656, 660, 686, 784ⁿ, different from Madanapārijāta 581ⁿ. Parikṣit, grandson of Arjuna 900. Pāriplava 415. Parṇālā parvata—grahaṇākhyāna of Jayarāma 925 Partition (see 'father', 'grandmother', 'mother', 'son'), chief matters to be discussed under, are four 563; Dāyabhāga admits only two times for 567-568; definition of 560-561; definition of by Dāyatattva 561, divergence of views about giving a share to unmarried sisters at a partition 619-20; evidence of 638, four times for, acc. to Madanapārijāta 569, general rule that p. once made is final 634; grandmother's right to a share at 607-608; grounds of exclusion from 608-616; in certain cases allowed acc. to patibhāga 607, to the sense of mere severance of interest may take place by mere unilateral declaration of one member 562, minority of coparcener was no bar to 573; mother's right to a share at 605-606, no share allowed to unmarried sisters in modern times, but only marriage expenses 620, of concealed property 635-637; her stirpes, explained 569-70, 632-634; provision for marriage expenses of unmarried sisters 619, provision for saṁskāras of brothers 619, propositions about 631; re-opening of, when allowed 634-636, 617, 618, right of absent coparcener to claim 634-635, rule that all sons divide equally irrespective of whether they are sons of different mothers 607, rule of equal division between father and son or brothers favoured by most smṛtis 623; safeguarding minor's share at p. 573, son's right to demand partition from father took ages to evolve 563-564; son's right to partition encouraged from reli- gious sentiments 571–72, son's right to p. in father's lifetime existed even in Vedic age 564–565, three main times for, according to Mitākṣarā 568–569, time for 563ff, two senses viz. division by metes and bounds and severance of interest only 562, under Dāyabhāga no p. can be claimed as long as father is alive 569. Partnership 466–470, ancient dharma-sūtras are silent about 469, duties of partners in 466–67, liabilities of partners in a 466, Maou extends the rules about distribution of fees among sacrificial priests to partners in 469, qualifications of partners in 467–468, rights of partners in 467–468, shares of artisans in profits of p 468. Partnership Act (Indian) 467ṇ Pārvaṇa days 737n Pārvaṇa śrāddha 737, Passage (sce 'way') 737 Passports, superintendent of 149 Past, diametrically opposite views about 244. Pastures, superintendent of 149, pro-vided round villages and towns 161, 499–500 Pātaliputra, administration of, as des-cribed by Megasthenes 183, had a wall of wooden palisades 180, Patañ-jali's references to 183. Patañjali, author of Mahābhāṣya 46n, 88, 124n, 125n, 144n, 183. Pathak, Prof K B 924n Patita (see under partition), being p entailed loss of estate or inheritance only if no prāyaścitta was performed 547n, 615, daughter of p was not treated as p 616, ghatasphota for outcasting a p 610n, 615, son of p was excluded from partition or inheritance and even maintenance 611, 616–17, who was p. 612ff. women, even if they performed no prāyaścitta, were not to be cast on the streets but were to be given main-tenance 615, Patnī, meaning of 707. Patriarchal family, father's powers in 563. Pannarbhava, a subsidiary son 661, definition of 648. Paura-jānapada 93–95. Penal Code (Indian), 300, 395, 473n, 479n, 512n, 513, 518n, 523n, 529n, 531n, 532n, People (see under 'subjects'), also spoken of collectively as Viṣṇu 25, calamities of, have graver consequences than those of the capital 233, protection of, consists in preventing external and internal aggression 56, protection of, highest duty of ruler 56 Perjury, entailed secular and also other-worldly consequences 351. Peshwa's Diaries 377. Philosophy, purpose of all branches of Indian is the quest of truth 247. Physicians, punished with fines for being careless or for not informing officers in serious cases 149 Pigeons, employed to carry official letters 149. Pilgrimages to distant places, forbidden in Kali for brāhmaṇas 953 Pindas (see under śrāddha) Piprahva vase, writing on 307. Pīsunā, author of a work on rājaśāstra 2, 83, 233. Pīsunaputra, a writer 2. Pitāmaha, smṛti of 262–63, 265–66, 269, 281–82, 285, 288, 291, 296, 318, 327, 362–65, 367, 369n, 372n, 373, 379, 862, Pitāmahasiddhānta 889 Pitṛgāthās, from Matsyapurāṇa 642 Plaint (see under 'pleadings'); con-tents of 293–294, faults in 299, reasons which make a p unacceptable 299, rules about amendment of 293, rules about preference, when several persons present p at same time 298, ten details of a p about immovable property 293–94, various sanskrit words for 292, was written down with all details who defendant appeared 292 Plato, approved of slavery unreservedly 15n; author of 'Republic' 50, author of 'Laws' 114n, 244n; end of State was good life, acc. to 237. Plea, of former judgment how proved 301. Pledge (adhi), classification of, acc to Nārada and Bṛhaspati 428; duty of person who accepts a p to take proper care 432-33, debtor is responsible for the loss of 432-433, general rule that a p to be enjoyed carried no interest 430, if p lost or deteriorates without any fault of the creditor, debtor to bear the loss 432-33, person making a p of the same thing to two different people was punished 432, subject of p is lost if not redeemed within the period of grace 429, three rules of Yājñavalkya about 428-29, what is sapratyaya p 430 Phny 901 Poison, effects of, on various birds 84 Poisoned food and fire 84. Poisoning of kings, measures against 83 Pollard, author of 'Conscience and liberty' 547n Pollock 554, 555 Portents, in the heavens, sky and on the earth before an invasion 227. Possession (see under 'title'), adverse p against minors and others 328, divergence of views about the relation of title to 317, exception to the rule of loss of ownership, by long 327, for three generations without break prevails over bare title 319, long p not mentioned in ancient works as a source of ownership 317, meaning of trip ṛṣa p 318, meaning of long p 320-321, must have five characteristics in order to be valid 318, of agnates and cognates is not necessarily adverse 326 of one co-owner is ordinarily for all co-owners 327, one who pleaded mere possession and no title was deemed a thief 318, periods of adverse p that gave rise to ownership acc to different writers 323, principal mode of transfer was delivery of 319, some texts prescribe for loss of ownership short periods of 325-326, was nine points of law in ancient India 431. Power, corrupts a man 114 Prabandhacintāmaṇi 198, 283. Prabhākara, a writer on Mīmāṁsā, 550, was called Guru 536n Prabhākaravardhana 63 Pradeṣṭr, an officer 252 Pradhan, Dr, author of 'Chronology of Ancient India, ' 925n Prādvīvāka 272 Prajāpati, smṛti of 369n, 420 495, 571n, 586, 712, 738, 926. Prajāpati, story of 845. Prajñāpanopāṅga, a Jnin work 140n Pralāsa, a work 568n, 588n, 605n Pralirnaka, meaning of, 251, meaning of, acc. to Kauṭilya 258 Pramati Bhārgava, an avatāra of Viṣṇu, will uproot mlecchas and heretics at end of Kali, 925 Prāṇa, a hymn 75 Pran Nath, Dr 134n, 140n Pratibhū, see under 'surety' Pratyājñā-yaugandharāyaṇā, a play 211n Pratimā, a nātaka 78, 277ṇ Pratinidhi (substitute), rule as to, in the Mīmāṁsā 654-655 Pratyālhita 260. Pratyāhana, Jain, a king, asked Śvetaketu five questions 9. Pravarādhyāya 686 Pravaramañjarī 692 Pravarasena, a Vākāṭaka emperor who performed four Aśvamedhas 70 Prāyaścitta, for murder depended on caste of murderer and of the murdered 528; for woman raped 532, for adultery 946-47 Prāyaścittatattva, 928 Prāyaścittaviveka 948n Preemption, right of, allowed in favour of brothers, sapindas, sagotras, neighbours &c 496 Price, inadequacy of, how determined 493 Priests, distribution of fees among 16 sacrificial 470n, three kinds of sacrificial 469- Primogeniture, to succession to samin- dars or raj 631 Princes, went to famous seats of learn- ing for study 50. Prisoners, set free on coronation 80. Prisons Act (Indian) 403. Private defence (see under ‘ātātāyīn), right of, as to person and property 517-18, right of, should not be exercised if there is time to report to king's officers 517 Prize-fighting (see under ‘samāhvaya’) Proof, circumstantial evidence as 356- 357, comparative strength of the several means of 306 ; divine means of, are ordeals 304, divine means of, are employed 363-364, human means of, are documents, witnesses and possession 304, means of, are either human or divine 304, means of, appropriate to several kinds of disputes 305-306, of part of claim may in some cases be held p of whole claim 348n, rules about variation between pleadings and p. 347-349. Property, (see under ‘self acquired property’, ‘separate property’), ancestral p, explained 576, diverg- ence of views as to concealment of joint p by one co-owner being theft 636-637, impartible by its very nature 585-590, is of two kinds, movable and immovable 490, 574, is of three kinds, land, nibandha and movable 574-575, joint family p., what is 576, may be joint family or separate, 576, no distinction between ancestral and separate under Dāyabhāga as to alienation 576, persons that acquire by birth an interest in ancestral p. 576, rules about partition of joint p concealed by cosharer 636-637, separate p includes self-acquisitions 576. Prostitutes, a fifth caste acc. to Mitāk- ṣarā 801, do not sever tie of blood, acc. to modern decisions 801, rules about persons visiting p. 481-482 Province, administration of, in a State 141-142, each p kept a record of good and bad events 143n, Governor of p was called Uparika 141. Pṛthā, adopted by Kuntībhoja 675 Pṛthu, levelled the earth 183, oath administered to 33, secured king- dom through vinaya 52, Viṣṇu entered P 281 Pṛthvīrāja, Chohan hero 684n Pṛthvīrāja Rāsau, a work 684n Psalms 425ṇ Public roads, nuisances on 508-509, Pūga, meaning of 281 Punishment (see ‘banishment’, ‘brāhmaṇa’, ‘death’, ‘impalement’), alternative p of fines in lieu of the cutting off of a limb for theft &c. 256, award of, depended on motive, sex, nature of offence, time and place &c 391-92, banishment as 404, branding of several marks on fore- head as p for several offences 397, 403, by cutting off fingers, hands and feet was common in case of thieves and pickpockets 256, 402, by cutting off the limb wherewith a low man offended against a brāhmaṇa 389, by cutting off the tongue in the case of a śūdra who abused a brāhmaṇa or kṣatriya or loudly repeats the Veda 402, confiscation of all property as p 404, corporal p. assumes various forms 395-396, enhanced for repeating offence 404-5, 522, exemption from p. on certain grounds such as intoxication, lunacy, mistake 417, fear of p keeps all beings under control 292, fine and corporal punishment was to be pronounced by the king on recommendation of III ] chief justice 391, fines were the ordinary p for many offences in ancient India 390, for accidental death none 528, for abetting a crime 529, for abuse and defamation was less for offenders of higher castes 395, for adultery 256–257, for adultery and rape depended on caste of the woman and of the offender 395, for adultery very severe in ancient texts 401, 533, 535, for a person charging an innocent man with theft 255, for committing nuisance on the public road 508, for defiling water of holy tanks, rivers etc 509, for incest 533–34, for judges taking bribes and for ministers disposing of a matter wrongly 386, for making breaches to a boundary 509, for misappropriation of the property of guilds and other groups 489, for moneylenders charging interest exceeding rates prescribed in smṛtis 422, for rash driving 528, for theft more severe in the case of offenders of higher castes 395, for unnatural offences 534, for witchcraft 405–406, four methods of 391, fourteen places of, acc to Bṛhaspati 396, imprisonment for life as p 403, may be inflicted on offenders of lowest castes by the persons offended 408, mild p prescribed on account of the doctrine of karmavipāka 392, most important purpose of, is deterrent 389, no corporal punishment for a brāhmaṇa offender except shaving of head, branding 396, of death not inflicted on brāhmaṇas and women under Bombay Regulation 14 of 1827, 397, of death prescribed even for brāhmaṇas by Kātyāyana and Kauṭilya 398–99, of death prescribed for certain offences 400–401; one purpose of, was reform and redemption of offender 390, proper p. for a brāhmaṇa offender 397, purposes secured by p. for crimes 388–90, rigour of p. lessened by Yājñavalkya and later smṛtis 390, severity of, depended on caste also 395, shaving of the head as p 403, ten places where p may be inflicted 396, that could be awarded by inferior tribunals 391, whipping as p 403–404, women were awarded lesser p than men 394, 533, women were to undergo excision of a limb where death sentence could be inflicted on males 394, 533. Popil, rules as to his behaviour towards his guru's wife in Kali age 953–54. Purāṇa, a silver coin 122, 420n Purāṇa 10. Purāṇas, are rich in dharmaśāstra material 871, are authoritative for all people 853, conflict between smṛtis and Purāṇas 871–873, procedure of coronation in 72; state that in Kali age kings will mostly be sūdras 10, was eloquent over the importance of Bharatarvarsa 137, dharma which is declared in, is misra 873, several p must have been known in 871 Purāṇas, passages of historical importance in 899ff Purchaser, buying from one out the owner in open market is not liable to punishment 463, duty of, to closely examine the thing to he purchased 492, from one not the owner is liable to be punished if he purchases in secret 460, gets indefeasible title only after three generations of price wholly or partly not paid 494, has, in order to escape punishment, to produce vendor or prove purchase in open market 463, liability of, if he does not take delivery after purchase 490, 492, may reside from purchase within a certain time 490–491; period allowed to p for examination of thing bought 492. Purohita, called saviour of kingdom 117–18, included among mantrins by some writers 119, had full juris- diction over penances 119, made the king ready for battle 118, most eminent of the high functionaries of the king 113; must know ritual of five kinds 119, qualifications of 117–18, saṁvatsara took over some of the functions of 126, to be con- sulted by king after ministers were consulted 110, 119, to be distingui- shed from ṛtvij 118, waning of the importance of 126, was expected to remove calamities, divine and human 119; was often hereditary 119 Puru, though youngest son, was made king by Yayāti 42, 14 Purūravas 53, 845 Purusa (bailiff), duties and qualifica- tions of 278, Purusakāra (human effort), and daiva (fate) 168–169, is superior, acc to Matsyapurāṇa 170, Puruṣārtha rules are recommendatory and violation of them does not vitiate the sacrifice 550n, 609 Puruṣārthas; artha is the chief among three p acc. to Kauṭilya 241, dharma is the highest among three and kāma the lowest 9, three p are secured for people by righteous king 239 Pūrvamīmāmsā (see under ‘Jaimini’) 38, 605, 637, 695, 864. Puskaraśādī 524. Pusyagupta, a vaiśya, was governor of Surāṣṭra under Candragupta Maurya 117. Pusyamitra 32, 116, founder of Sunga empire 39 killed his master Bṛhad- ratha last Maurya king 36, perfor- med Aśvamedhas 70. Pusyasnāna 407 Putreṣṭi, sacrifice, 680n Putrikā, (see under ‘Maiden’, ‘putrī- kāputra’) 647, 657. Putrikāputra 657–659, definition of 647, 657, divided property with subsequently born aurasa son 651. offers piṇḍa to his maternal grand- father and takes latter’s wealth 642, 659, recognized in modern times only among Nambudiris in Malabar 657, 659; said to be equal to the aurasa son 657, traces of, found even in Ṛgveda 657–58. Queen, qualities of principal 80. Queens, of vanquished kings had to per- form the duties of maids at the time of emperor’s coronation 69 Raghavan, Dr V. 252ṇ Raghu, Kings of the family of, became munus in old age 101. Raghunandana, 246, 322, 378n, 544, 668, 701, 718, 735, 799, 910n, 911 Raghuvamśa, 8, 17, 28, 41, 44, 49n, 52, 56, 63, 78, 82, 101, 112, 135, 187, 223n, 230, 269, 407, 896. Rainfall, amounts of, in the several provinces of India, acc to Kauṭilya 147 Rājadharma 1–241, discussed in works from ancient times 1, energetic undertaking said by Bṛhaspati to be the root of 169, literature on, is extensive 13, proximate ends of 238– 239, purpose of the study of 236– 237, said to be the root of all dharmas 3, ultimate goal of 238. Rājadharmakāṇḍa 13, 23n, 28, 42, 61n, 75n, 125n, 160, 178n, 179, 181, 191n, 228, 234, 277n, 949. Rājadharmakaustubha 13, 38, 43, 72, 74, 76n, 77n, 79–81n, 82, 107, 118, 119n, 179, 182n, 183. Rājan, meaning of 37–39, 63 Rājanītiprakāśa (part of Vīramitrodaya) 13, 18n, 25, 38–39, 43–44, 48, 59–60, 66, 71–74, 76n, 79–81n, 82–83, 99, 105, 107, 118, 120, 125n, 132n, 160, 163n, 170, 178, 181, 191–92, 211, 217, 224, 227, 228, 230, 234, 243, 873ṇ Rājanītratnākara 13, 25, 39, 70, 96, 107, 118, 160, 187n, 189n, 201, 271n- 274n, 277n, 278. Raja Rao, Mr M. 879n Rājaśāstra, expounders of, acc. to Anuśāsana-parva and Śāntiparva 2. 56. expoonders of, acc to Kauṭilya 3. expounders of, acc Nītiprakā- śikā 4 Rājaśekhara, author of Kāvyamīmāṁsā 47n, 67, 136 Rājasūya 64, 111, 962. Abhiseçanīya is the principal rite in 73; is called Āvestı therein can be performed only by kṣatriyas 38, performed by emperors 70 Rājatarāṅginī 31, 40, 80, 100, 113, 115, 120, 163-64, 184, 188n, 198, 270, 374, 393, 396n, 397, 403, 457, 484, 488, 494, 817, 897, 924n, 934 Rajya, compared to the body with its various organs 18, elements of, generally said to be seven 17, mean- ing of 19-20, preservation of the elements of 17-18, relative import- ance of the elements of 17, several elements of, are complementary of each other 18 Rājyavardhana, murdered by Saśaṅka 31. Rāka (full moon) 388. Rāktikā, weight of 121n Rāma, 42, education of 49, ideal king 96; performed Aśvamedha in the company of a golden image of Sītā 845-846, virtues of 62, was to be made Crown Prince with people's approval 29. Rāmaśāstrin, famous judge at Peshwa's court 386, 402n, 684n, 713 Rāmāyaṇa 2, 6, 21, 24, 29, 37, 42, 46, 47n, 49, 53n, 62, 71, 77, 95-96, 105- 6, 108, 129, 171, 177, 180 190, 195, 203, 209n, 214, 243, 846 Ranade, author of ‘Rise of the Maratha power’ 106 Rape, punishment for, differed acc. to caste of offender 532. Rāpṣoṇ, on ‘Indian coins’ 89, 121n, 122n, 308 Rāșṭra (territory of a State) 132f, composition of the population of 133; is most important of the seven ele- menls of a State 132, what consti- tutes 136. hatoīkāli, a drama 937 Ratnios, give the kingdom to the king 29, 112, headman of village was one of 154, twelve r. enumerated 111-112 Rattarāja, a Sūlara king 194. Rāvaṇa 52, 55. Reasoning, to be followed rather than strict letter of the text 7, 867. Receiver, appointment of 391. Recovery of debts, agriculturists and king's servants were not to be arrast- ed for, at certaro times 440-41, creditor employiog modes for r other than a suit, when debtor deer- ed the debt would lose his claim aod was liable to be fined 439, creditor could hold debtor in restraint opeoly, if custom of country allowed 440, from debtor unable to pay was made by making hum work to the house of the creditor if of same or higher caste 440, from debtor of brāhmaṇa caste to be made by easy iostalments 440, harsh legislatioo to ao oleient societies for 441; imprisonment in civil jail of a debtor in modern times 440; modes of 438-441, modes of, differed according as debtor admitted lia- bility or not 441; priority among creditors as to, depended on time aod caste of creditor 441; seven principal topics of 418, sittiog at the door of the debtor for 438-39, when debtor admitted debt aod yet complaioed against creditor who employed proper mode of, he was able to be fined 439-440. Registration Act (Indian) 314, 431n, 432n Religious efficacy (sce under ‘doctrme of spiritual benefit’). Religious rites, incompetency to per- form, owing to bodily or mentaj defeets 608-609. Reply of defendant, faults of 302, four kinds of 300. Representatives, of parties to suits, when allowed 288; rules for payment of wages to r. 289; who is to appoint r of parties and whom 289. Republics, eleven, mentioned in Buddhist works 90, in ancient India 87, procedure of, was the same as for the deliberations of Buddhist Sangha 90. Restraint of senses, is the whole purpose of all śāstras 52, necessity of, for kings 53; why man must practise 55 Res Judicata, (see 'plea of former judgment') 300; how proved 332, rule of constructive 306. Re-union 763-769; devolution of estate after 767-769, who can enter into 766 Revenue, levied on crops varies acc. to the way in which water was employed 163. Reversioner, on the death of a widow 711. Ṛgveda, 28-29, 32, 41, 58, 63-65, 75n, 77n, 92-93, 104, 118, 124n, 125n, 127, 132, 135, 153, 162, 179, 190 200, 205, 212-13, 228-29, 244-45, 276, 353, 359, 361, 388, 414-15, 519, 534, 543, 541, 564-65, 588, 612n, 656, 657n, 658, 660, 679n, 689, 714, 753n, 754n, 770, 776n, 863, 886, 887, 933; morals in 534. Rīktha, meaning of 543, 551ṇ Road, less recovered by king's officerṣ 197. width of 181. Romaka, an astronomical Siddhānta 896 Roman Catholics, harsh laws against 547ṇ Roman Law 326. Romapāda, king of Aṅga 164. Rome 389ṇ Roth 16. Rousseau 31

Routes, land r. superior to water r. 225, to the Deccan and south more profitable 225. Royalty (see under 'kingship'). Ṛta, conception of 244-245. Rudradāman, accomplishments of 49; a Kṣatrapa, was elected ruler by the people of Surāṣṭra 30, 44, inscription of 94, 105, 117, 162, 185, 890, repaired Sudarśana lake at great cost 60, 162, restored kings to their thrones 71, treasury of, overflowed with gold, silver and jewels 197, uprooted the Yaudheyas 89. Rudradhara 668 Rudraskanda, commentator of Khādira Gr 692. Rule, acting contrary to a r, having an unseen or spiritual purpose renders the principal act itself null and void 837-838. Rulers, grades of 63, mentality of foreign 102, women as 40 Russell on 'crimes' 432n Śabara, commentator on Jaimini's sūtras 20, 38, 72, 121n, 143n, 471, 515n, 527n, 550n, 556, 637n, 655, 676n, 677n, 686, 695n, 704n, 705, 719, 725n, 731n, 770n, 828, 832n, 835-37, 841, 849, 851n, 864, 870, 905n, 938, 963-64. Sabhā (see 'court of justice'), 276-277, three kinds of 278n Sabhāparva 2, 42, 46, 50, 53n, 54, 56n, 59, 61, 67-68, 78, 106, 108, 111-12, 127, 135, 152, 154, 162, 168, 172, 179, 200, 206, 332, 330, 542n, 889, 937, 955ṇ Sabhyas (puisne judges) 273, at least three to be appointed to associate with the chief justice 273, duty of, to bring round the king to the path of right 274; must be preferably brāhmaṇas 273, qualifications of 273, were to be distinguished from learned brāhmaṇas who attended court and tendered advice 274; were fined if they decided through parti- ality, greed or fear 385, who were not to be appointed as 273-274 Sachan, Dr (translated Alberuni's work) 166, 376n Sacred Books of the East 66, 282, 289- 90, 605n, 733n, 886n, 887, 922, 934. Sacrifice, performer of, was supposed to be endowed with a celestial body 32, of animal forbidden in Kali 945-46, 964. Sadācāra (sec under ‘custom’) 825ff, meaning of, acc to Manu 827, 856. Sādhyapāla (sec under Purusa). Saffron, monopoly of king in 197 Sages, difference in spiritual merit between ancient and later 889, seven, suspected each other of theft 359n, transgression of dharma among ancient 889. Sahadeva 69. Sāhasa (crimes of violence), 525-530, definition of, 525, distinguished from theft 525, four kinds of 525, heavier punishments for 525, king not to tolerate one guilty of crimes of violence 525, principal crimes included under 526 Sāhasa (meaning ‘fine’), three varieties of, lowest, middling and highest 526 Saibodha, son, definition of 648, becomes the son of his mother's husband 660 Śābyādri khanda 138, 929 Śaiśunāga dynasty, see Śiśunāka. Saka king killed by Candragupta (a Gupta king) 86 Sākala, smṛti of 664, 679, 683 Sālta works prescribed wine as offer- ing in worship 966, Saltis, doctrine of three 171, relative strength of 171, theory of, in rela- tion to theory of mandalas 222 Salulya, meaning of 746-47. Sāluñtala 37, 52, 54, 63, 243 Sākyas (sec under Bauddhas ), busi- ness of State how carried among 90, capital of, was Kapilavastu 90, openly declared Veda to be unautho- ritative and taught doctrines oppos- ed to it 871. Salaries, divergence of views about ṣ mentioned by Kauṭilya 120, 125; of officers over 10, 100 or more villages 142, of officers and servants stated by Kauṭilya 151 Sale of Goods Act (Indian) 465n, 492n, 495ṇ Sale, (see under ‘preemption’, ‘purchaser’), by one who is not the owner 462–465, by one who is not the owner, should be rescinded 462, conditional ṣ defined 493, deed of ṣ should mention the wells,trees,houses on land sold 494, definition of 495, for arrears of land tax 493, 495, liability of vendor if he does not deliver property after 490, periods for rescission allowed in s of various things 491, procedure as to ṣ of land 496–497, rescission of 489-491, was clothed with formalities of gifts 497, 567, what becomes of earnest if ṣ goes off through default of vendor or vendee 491, when inoperative 492–493. Salic Law 40 Salmond, author of a work on ‘Juris- prudence’ 238, 319n, 120n, 547, 554. Salt, State manufactured s and levied a duty on salt imported or manufac- turned privately 196 Sālva, besieged Dvārakā 208, 214 Salya 204 Śalyaparva 58, 79, 112n, 210, 214, 896n, 904, 908n, 909, 911–12, 915, 918. Sāma (an upāya), is of five kinds 174. Samāhartr, duties of 131, 143, 253, 276 Samāhvaya 540-41, rules of dyūta to be applied to 540 Samanodas 752-753, limits of, as heirs 753 Samatata, a country 68 Samaveda 76, 77ṇ Sāmavidhāna Brāhmaṇa 66, 76 Sāmayaprakāśa, part of Vīramitrodaya, 928n, 930. Sāmayamayūkha 930, 941n 949, 964. Sambandhatattva 878 Sambandhaviveka, a work 878 Sambara, as a writer on Rājāśāstra 1n Śāntiparva 2 Sambhajī-raje-caritra, a work 81n Sambhalā, village, where Kallin will be born, 923 Sambhūya-samutthāna (partnership) 466-470. Samrāj, meaning of 63 Samsarga (association), with sinner was of nine kinds 614, 944 Samskārakauśtubha 669, 675, 678-80, 683n, 688-89, 695, 697, 877, 955 Samskārapradīpa 771. Samskāraratna 873ṇ Samstāvya, mantras 75. Samudragupta 44, 68-69, 71, 89, 108, 115, 213, accomplishments of 49. Samvarta, smṛti of 264, 277, 312, 313n 947, 951, 965 Samvatsara (astrologer) 126, king depended on, in all matters 126. Samvid-vyatikrama 486-489. Sandar 326n Sandhi (treaty), different kinds of 224, with whom should be made 225, with whom should not be made 225. Sandrakottos 204 Sangha, four qualities of the wise lea- der of 88, gambling causes dissen- sions among members of 233, in- cluded in the Vāhika country brāh- maṇas, kṣatriyas and others 88, king was allowed to take away wealth of heretical 188, of Licchivikas, Vṛjī- kas and others 89, of Vṛkas, Tri- gartas, Yaudheyas, Pārśus 88, two kinds of, known to Pāṇini 88 Sangraha, a work 309, 311, 379n, 435, 548n, 563, 572, 628n, 629n, 872, 928 Sangrahana 531-535, of three kinds 531; punishment for, varied acc. to caste and other circumstances 535. Sankara (see 'samsarga '). Sankara, author of Bhāṣya on Vedānta- sūtra and several Upamsads 46n, 227, 669n, 719, 833n, 888, 964n, 968ṇ Sankarabhātta, author of Dvaitanir- naya 878. Sankaravarman, king of Kashmir, plun- dered 64 temples under pretext of supervision 188n Sankha 101, 160, 209-10, 277, 316, 320, 338n, 395, 398n, 401, 524, 568- 69, 581, 592, 598, 620ṇ 702, 725, 771, 776n, 960 Sankha-Likhita 44, 45, 59, 125, 137, 165n, 175, 242-43, 246, 332, 346, 354, 355n, 358, 366, 371n, 372, 389, 393, 398n, 403-4, 469, 504, 509, 536, 568n, 569, 572, 586, 598, 610n, 625, 640, 641, 642n, 644, 651, 759n, 763 790, 803n, 932n Sankha-Likhita-dharmasūtra, special- ly studied by Vājasaneyins 853. Sāṅkhyāyana Brāhmaṇa 600n, 905 Sāṅkhyāyana-gṛhya-sūtra 922. Sāṅkhyāyana-śrauta-sūtra 887n, Sāṅkhya 169. Sannidhātṛ, duties of 143. Sannyāsa, whether forbidden in Kali 960-61 Sannyāsin, see under Yati Sāntā, adopted by Lomapāda 675 Santana, younger brother of Devāpī became king 41, 164, 609. Santatīya, mantras 75. Śāntiparva, 2-6, 8, 10, 12, 13n, 17n, 18n, 21-28, 30-31, 33-34, 37, 40, 44-45, 48, 50n, 51, 53n, 56-59, 61n, 62, 67-68, 70-71, 76-79, 87, 101, 105-107, 118, 127, 131, 138, 141-42, 150-51, 167-68, 173, 175, 179-81, 185-86, 189-90, 199, 202, 203, 207, 209, 211, 215-16, 221n, 222, 229n, 239, 244-45, 273n, 353, 389, 392n, 399, 400n, 404n, 521, 524, 609n, 614, 861n, 875, 885, 890-92, 913, 937, 943, 952, 955 Sapathas (special oaths): employed in disputes of small value 358, take time for decision 358 Sapinda, acc in Dāyabhāga 741-43, 747; two meanings of 733-736. Sapindas, arc of two kinds, gotraja and bhinnagotra acc to Mitākṣarā 732 Sapinḍīkaraṇa, a śrāddha 737 Saradacharan Mitra, Mr Justice 559, 560 Saramā, bitch of the gods, was sent by Indra to find out treasures of Panis 127 Sarasvatīvilāsa, a work, 17, 118n, 119, 171-72, 184, 200, 219n, 220n, 221, 223, 243n, 258, 263, 264n, 265n, 272n, 273, 276n-278, 281n, 282n, 283, 285n, 286n, 297n, 300n, 302n, 303n, 310, 312, 318n, 321, 326, 332, 342n, 352n, 358, 367n, 382n, 393n, 413n, 419n, 423n, 429n-32n, 434n, 441n, 451, 455n, 464n, 472n-74n, 476n, 477n, 479n, 485n, 489n, 492n, 493, 494n, 512n, 525n, 540n, 545, 549n, 551, 553n, 554n, 562, 563n, 610n, 612, 636n, 638n, 678n, 692, 698, 721, 761n, 774n, 778n Sardesai Mr G S, editor of 'Selections from Peshwa's Daftar' 400. Sārīraka-bhāṣya of Śaṅkara 725, 731n Sarkar, Mr Golap Chandra, author of 'Hindu Law' and of a work on 'Adoption' 441n, 662, 664n, 690n Sarkar, Mr Himansu Bhushan 641n, 934n Sarkar, Mr Kshirod Lal on 'Mīmāṁsā rules' 640, 677n, 841-42 Sarkar, Prof. B K 20, 94 Sarvadhikari, Tagore Law Lectures of, on inheritance 744n, 757n, 758n, 760-61. Sarvajña-Nārāyaṇa, commentator of Manusmṛti 150n, 788n, 789. Śaśāṅka 31 Śāstra, in case of conflict of s with rational or equitable rule, the latter prevails 9. Śāstradipikā, a work of Pārthasarathi 677n, 828n, 831n, 836n, 844n, 850n, 852n, 853. Śataghnī 213. Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 21, 26, 32, 41, 65-66, 111-12, 153, 180, 415-16, 527n, 565, 613, 641, 845, 877, 886n, 887-88, 907n, 964. Śatātapa 145n Ṣaṭ-triṁśan-mata 487n, 882ṇ Sattva, sacrifice extending over long periods to be performed by brāhmaṇas 938. Śatru (enemical king), kinds of 219. Śatrughna 203 Satyankāra 435 Satyāsādha, śrautasūtra of 28, 278n, 653n, 655, 686, 941ṇ Saudyila, a class of strīdhana 775, a comprehensive term for several kinds of strīdhana 778, definition of 778. Śaudra (son of a brāhmaṇa from a śūdra wife), is a secondary son and technically not an aurasa son 599, 646, 648, 656, styled Pārāśava also 648, 656. Śaunaka, smṛti of 183, 599, 614, 655, 656n, 664, 668, 675-676, 682-83, 687, 689, 926 Śaunakīya 230. Sauparṇa, a hymn 229 Sauptikaparva 168, 206, 209, 232. Sautrāmaṇi, an iṣṭi, prescribed as a rite for regaining a kingdom 26, offering of wine cups in 865, 940, 964. Sauvīra, king of, was killed by his queen 85 Sāyāṇa 65, 66n, 229, 361, 770, 886ṇ Schnols, of Hindu Law 878, 887ṇ Scripts 308 Sea, whether known to Vedic Aryans 933, made undrinkable by brāhmaṇas 937. Sea voyage, forbidden in Kali 610n, 933-38, propositions about 937. Selections from Peshwa's Daftar, (see under 'Sardeshi') 402n, 405n, 713 Self-acquired property 639-640, different kinds of 579-581, of a man is inherited per stirpes by his son, grandsons, and great-grandsons 700, son acquires by birth an interest in father's ṣ p. acc. to strict theory of Mitākṣarā 639, son has no power to prevent father from dealing with latter's s p 639, Viṣṇudharmasūtra declared father's absolute right over 639 Sen, Dr. Priya Nath 387, 441n, 427n, 497ṇ Senart, 91 Sen-Gupta, Prof, P. C 903-4 Separate property, (see under 'gains of learning', 'self-acquired property'). is not liable to partition 585; kinds of 577, recognition of vidyādhana as s p was the first inroad on the conception that all property belonged to the family 578, slow growth of the concept of 578 Servants, ancient dharmasūtras mention only two kinds of 482, difference between slaves and s 484, four kinds of, besides slaves 482, loyalty inculcated on 160, qualifications of State servants 159-160. Sexual intercourse, forbidden after performing Agnīcayāna 535, with a maiden of same caste with her consent was not punishable as a crime but the male had to marry her 535. Shakespeare 296, 533 Sham Sastri, Dr. 85n, 102, 140n, 343n, 811n Ships, duties of superintendent of 148 Shiva-chatrapatī-mahārāja-caritra, a work 81n Shivaji, coronation of 81, had a council of eight ministers 106, ruling of, in a dispute 285, supposed to be harbinger of Kalkin, 926, Shivarājā-rājyābhiṣeka-kalpataru, a work 81 Siddhānta-kaumudī 494n, 762ṇ Siddhāntaśiromaṇi of Bhāskarācārya 122ṇ Siddharāja, king of Anhilvāḍa, levied tax on pilgrims visiting Somanātha and then remitted it 198 Śilāditya, a king 70 Śīlappadīkāram, a Tamil work 407 Śīlāratna, a work 182n Śilpīnyāsa, meaning of 458, rules about 459-460. Silver, value of, in relation to copper 121n Sin, (see under 'samsarga'), divergence of views as to what was grave ṣ 612-614, is not committed through fear of punishment or of Yama or of public opinion 389, murder of brāhmaṇa, gravest s 613, various grades of 612 Singhana, a Yādava king of Devagiri 225 Sinner, association with a s for a certain period made associator guilty of same sin 614, 943-44, became fit to be associated with when he performed prāyaścitta 615, mode of taking back into society a grave 615. Sirkar, Dr D C 378 Siromaṇibhaṭṭācārya 547 Sistas, all practices of, are not authoritative in matters of dharma 827, 844, practices of, furnish criterion as to what dharma is 826, who are 825, 843. Sister, is brought in as a gotraja heir by Vyavahāramayūkha 748-749, position of, as heir 728, position of, under modern legislation 749, unmarried ṣ entitled to a share on partition among brothers 619-620, 749 Śiśunāka dynasty 899. Śiśupālavadha 313n Śiṣya, defined 482, duties of a Vedic 483, III ] Sitā, ordeal of fire, undergone by 364 Siva swallowed Hālāhala poison 372n Sivaslandavarman, a Pallava king 69. Skanda and Visākha, story of 905n Skandagupta, commander of elephant section under Emperor Harsa 86, 115 Skandapurāṇa 234, 801, Skandasasthi 911 Slaves, condition of, in Buddhist India, not so miserable as in Greece 484, master entitled to claim back ṣ leaving him and going to another 485, master liable to be punished for selling a female slave unwilling to leave him 485, population of, in ancient Greek cities 15n, who could not be made 485 Smārtakāla, meaning of 321, 970 Smrticandrikā 7, 119, 120n, 121n, 156n, 243, 244n, 247n, 251n, 258n, 259n, 260-264, 265n, 270n, 274n, 275, 276n, 277, 278n, 280-82, 285n, 286n, 287-88, 291, 295-299n, 300n, 301, 302n, 303-06, 310-14, 317, 318n, 321, 323n, 326n, 327, 331, 332n, 334, 336-338n, 341n, 342n, 345n, 346n, 347, 348n, 349n, 350, 351n, 352, 354n, 357n, 358, 363n, 364n, 367n, 371n, 375, 379n, 380, 382n, 383n, 384, 386n, 387n, 391n, 393n, 394, 395n, 396, 498n, 409n, 411, 413n, 417n, 419n, 421n, 424n, 426n, 429n, 430-434n, 436-37, 439n, 440, 442n, 444-447n, 451n, 452n, 455n, 460n, 462-465, 468n, 469, 471n-474n, 476-485n, 487-489n, 491n, 493n, 498n-501n, 503, 505n-515n, 517n-18, 520n, 521n, 524, 525n, 526n, 529, 531, 532n, 533n, 536n, 538n, 545, 548n, 549n, 550n, 553n, 554n, 556n, 563n, 570n, 572n, 575n, 580n-582n, 585n, 586, 589, 590n, 593, 595n, 597, 599, 605- 607n, 609n, 610n, 619n-621n, 623n- 626n, 628, 629, 631n, 632n, 634n, 635, 637n-639n, 659, 664n, 678n, 691, 703, 706, 707, 709n, 710n, 712, 714-15, 721-23, 726-27, 731, 733, 750n, 766, 768, 772, 775, 777n-79, 781, 783n, 786n-788, 790n, 792n, 793, 800n, 804n, 805, 815, 858n, 859n, 860n, 861n, 862, 863n, 864n, 867n, 868n, 869n, 870, 871n, 872n, 874, 876, 884-85, 928, 929, 956n, 970n Smrtikaustubha, 930, 938, 941n, 949, 951, 953, 954, 957, 958n, 960n, 964, 966 Smrtimāhārņava 581n smṛtis, all ṣ were deemed to form one śāstra 870, authors of, believed in a golden age in the dim past 243; authors of, disagreed among them- selves 866, authoritativeness of 828- 830, 839-40, authoritativeness of depends on purpose they serve viz whether they are concerned with dharma or mokṣa 839-841, certain yugas 868, conflict among 283, 863- 66, conflict of smṛtis and purāṇas 871-873, conflict of ṣ and Vedic texts 832-834, conflict of ṣ and customs 849-850, 874-75. conflict- ing s to be assigned their appro- priate scope 443, contents of, di- vided into five categories 840, direct conflict among, is to be assumed only if no other recourse is open 443 embody practices current in their days 874-75, 878-879 endea- voured to reach the ideal of the rule of law 398 on same subject must be harmonized as far as possible 143, reasoning should be taken into consideration in interpreting 867, 870, rules of interpretation of ṣ when in apparent conflict with Veda 834, 870, three views about s be- ing based on Veda 829-30. when visible purpose can be found for ṣ Vedic basis or spiritual purpose not to be inferred 835-837. Smrtimuktāphala 858n, 859n, 861n, 868n, 871n, 872n, 875n, 876, 929n, 930, 957, 960ṇ Smṛtisaṅgraha, (see under 'Sangraha') 545, 549, 555, 628n, 629n, 705, 726, 928. Smṛtiratna 858ṇ Smṛtisāra 767 Smṛtiviveka, a work of Medhātithi 828, 830n, 831, 840ṇ Smṛtyarthasāra 928, 945ṇ Soataka, was always, to carry a jar of water 936 Social contract, theory of 31, 34. Socrates 50, 52 Soldiers, (see under 'troops'), charac- teristics of s of various countries and tribes 202, duty of, to fight and die in battle rather than run away 211, fighting without treachery go to Heaven if they fall in battle 5S, 211, rewards promised to ṣ by the com- mander-in-chief 212, running away from battle were deemed to go to Hell 211; slain in battle are waited upon by divine damsels in heaven 5S; tribunals for deciding disputes of 283. Soma, distinguished from surā 964 Somadeva, author of Nitivākyāmṛta 240. Someśvara 230 Son, (see under 'aurasa', 'illegitimate'), abandoned by parents belongs to caste of him who brings him up 645n; belief that those who had no s did not go to heavenly worlds 710n, by the birth of the eldest s a man be- comes free from debt owed to pitṛs 42, 624, 736 Son, can perform pūrva and ekoddiṣṭa śrāddhas of father 737, different ways of giving a special share to eldest 624-625. eldest ṣ, special rights of, recognized even in modern times in certain cases 624, 631, eldest s was given all wealth in Vedic times in some cases 565-566, 622, extravagant praise of son, grandson, great-grandson 642, giv- ing major part of ancestral estate to eldest ṣ was forbidden by śāstras acc. to Āp. 566, 622; giving special share to eldest son was practised in certain countries 623; has an absolute right to partition under Mitākṣarā during father's lifetime even against father's wish 569-570, 626, has no right to partition in father's lifetime acc to Dāyabhāga 569, history of the practice to give a larger share to eldest ṣ 566-567, kṛtrima ṣ recog- nized in modern times in Mīthilā 657, kṣetraja s condemned by Āpastamba 649, importance of 641-643; male descendants of s and himself confer greatest spiritual benefit 443, not liable for misappropriation by father or loss of deposit made to father 460, of a brāhmaṇa from a śūdra wife got a share of his father's property 598, of a brāhmaṇa from a vaiśya or kṣatriya wife not allowed to share in land donated to a brāhmaṇa 586- 87, 598; paunarhbhava s not fit to be invited at śrāddha 649; purposes served by a s 641, rights of a post- humous s after a partition takes place before his birth 595-597, rise of popular sentiment against giving special share to eldest s 626-627 Son, secular benefits derived from 643, seniority among sons 626-627, seniority among twins 626; some works like the Smṛticandrikā say that anuloma marriages are not in vogue and so it is unnecessary to speak about s of such a marriage 599; was supposed to save the father from the Hell called put 642. Sons, classification into four groups of several kinds of 649, confusion among smṛtis about the position and rights of secondary 644-648, 650-652, definitions of the 12 or 13 kinds of 647-648, kinds of, recognized in ancient works 643-644; long lists of secondary s due to partiality for divisions and sub-divisions 649, many s were desired 642; only two kinds of, recognized now throughout . III ] India 657. other than aurasa and dattaka forbidden in Kali 655, rights of secondary sons 653 ; secondary s not recognized by Āpastamba 643, secondary ṣ except dattaka now obsolete 657, smṛtis do not consider all secondary s equally important for spiritual purposes nor did they allow such s to be taken at same time 648, spiritual benefit derived from secondary ṣ 653-655, table of several kinds of 645, twelve kinds of 645-646, twenty kinds of, in Āusā- saopaparva 645ṇ Sovereign, (see under ‘krog’), three- fold activities of 98. Spies, 128-131, disguises of 129, employed by invading king to encourage his enemy’s subjects to become disaffected 199, employed by samāhartr to protect subjects against officers taking bribes 253, five saṁsthās (groups) of 129-130, for detecting young men inclined to robbery and adultery 254, for report- ing on the private character of ministers and high officers 130-131, several ṣ to be sent on same mission without their knowing each other 130, to report about rumours and discontent among people 130, were said to be king’s eyes 131. Spring festival 844n śrāddha, (see under ‘ekoddista,’ ‘pārvaṇa’ and ‘sapinḍaoa’), clothes and ornaments worn by father, his bed and vehicle were to be donated to brāhmaṇa invited at father’s 587, offering of flesh at 945-46, order of those who are to perform ṣ 739, pindaas are offered by three male descendants of a man in 443, tax levied on Kashmirians performing ṣ at Gayā 198. Srāddhattattva 737n, 864ṇ Srāddhaviveka 739. Srvasti 109. Srenis, (see under ‘corporations’ and ‘guilds’).

Sri, hymn to 77. Sridhara, commentator of the Bhāga- vata Purāṇa 182n, 183, 626n, 873, 899. Srikara 324, 582, 583n, 703, 721, 768. Srikrsoa, author of Dāyabhāgasangraha 544, 557, 568n, 586n, 781n, 799. śruti, rules of, were sometimes set aside, contradicted or abandoned by smṛti texts or popular sentiment 865. Stare decisis, principle of 730. State, (see under ‘rājadharma’ and ‘rājya’), comprised deśas and subdivisions of deśas 138-139, departments of 113, depends on mantra 110, divided by samāhartr into four divisions 143, elements of, depend on rāṣṭra 132, functions of, in modern times 60, helped helpless women and cottage industries 146, how constituted 19; local adminis- tration in 153-159, made great efforts for rearing and protection of cattle 161; most desirable thing for s,is to crown a king 34, organic theory of 20, ownership of, over all lands 495-496, policy of ancient Indian, to protect all religions and to interfere with none 883, popular elected assemblies in 92, revenue and army, the two pillars of the ancient Indian 184, seven elements of 17; superintendents of the depart- ments of, to be appointed by the king 142, twenty-eight departments of, mentioned by Kauṭilya 142ff, was not an end in itself but only a means 241 States; ends that ancient s placed before themselves 237-241, internal and external troubles of 207 ; manufactured salt and imposed duty on imported salt 196, modern nation s have two moralities 138, principal sources of income of 190-191, proximate and ultimate ends of 238-239. Step-brother, includes, acc to Vaijayantī, son of the same mother but of a different father 730 Step-mother, held not entitled to a share when she has only step sons who come to partition 606. not recognized as an heir in the whole of India (except in Bombay) 724, succeeds in Bombay as widow of gotraja sapinda 724 Stephens, author of 'History of Eoglish Criminal Law' 255n, 345, 375, 390, 405ṇ Steya (theft) 519–524. Sthānika, an officer 143 Sthānviśvara (modern Thanesar), description of 182. Stobhaka, a private informaot 264. Stokes, compiler of translations of Hindu Law books 682, 728 Strabo 308. Strange, Sir Thomas, author of 'Hiodo Law' 818, 819, 930n Strīdhana, (see 'ornaments', 'sandāyikā', 'yaotaka') 770–802, defini- tions of various kinds of, in smṛtis 772–777, definitions of, in com- mentaries 780–782, devolution of, acc to Kātyāyana 792, dominion over 783–788, germs of the topic of, in Vedic literature 770, husband's power over wife's 785–787, Kātyāyana contains the most elaborate treat- ment of, among smṛtis 774–775, modern case law on definition of 782–783, rules about saudāyika 784–785, succession to 788–801; smṛti texts on succession to 789–792; succession to, acc. to Dāyabhāga 798–800; succession to all kinds of, acc. to Mitākṣarā, except śulka and maiden's property 794, succession to maiden's s 793, succession to, acc to Smṛticandrikā 795; succes- sion to, acc to Vivādacintāmaṇi 795, succession to, acc. to Vyavahāra- mayūkha 798, succession to śulka 792–793, succession to, varies acc as woman is unmarried or married or married in an approved form and acc to species of s 789; succession to ṣ and uochasuty 801. Strīparva 204, 872 Studeot, (see uoder 'śisya') either upakorvāṇa or naiṣṭhika 962 Subandhu, author of Vāsavadattā 53. Subdivisions, of State with the oomber of villages they cootajoed 139. Subhadrā, was oot a daughter of Vasudeva, acc to Komārila 847. Sobbālāra, a king whose queen and daughter socceeded to the throne 40. Subjects, causes of impoverishment of 198, harassmeot of, may lead to ruin of kiog 199, require protection against king's officers, thleves, royal favourites and king's greed 58–59; what is pleasioq to, coostitotes the good of the kiog 61. Sob-mortgage (anvādhi), allowed by Kollūka and others 429, 431 Sobodhinī, coṃ on the Mitākṣarā 553n, 705n, 731, 733n, 750o, 757, 764n, 774n, 793, 815 Snbrahmaṇyā texts 626–627 Sūcaka, ao officer who brings aparādhas to the kiog's notice 264. Sudarśana lake was repaired by Rudra- dāman in 2nd century A D. 60, 105, 162. Sudarśaoācārya, commentator of Āpastamba-gṛhya 674o, 879 Sudās, son of Pijavavoa 52, 359 Sudhaovā, upādhyāya of Rāma 6 Soddhitattva 740n, 959. Śūdra, and sea voyage 937, cannot adopt a son accordlog to a few writers 668, engagioq śūdra as a cook in a brāhmaṇa household 958, expiation for perjury by a śūdra to save a persoņ from death senteņce 353; had bis toogue cut off, if he abused a virtuous persoṇ of the three higher castes 513, kings in Kali age will be 40; provisioņ for guests of śūdra caste 60, to be punished with the cutting of that limh with which he strikes a person of the three higher castes 515. Śūdralamalikāra, a work 893n Śodymoa 53 Sogandhā, a notorious queen of Kashmīr 40 Sugarcane, crops raised even in Vedic times 163 Suicide, who allowed and did not lead to sin 939, 958-59. Suits, (see under 'appearance', 'court', 'justice') Śukrācārya, prohibited intoxicants to Brāhmaṇas 966 Śukranītisāra 3-5, 7, 17-18, 21, 23, 25-27, 37, 43, 44, 47n, 48, 49n, 52-3, 55-57, 60, 67, 72, 84, 99, 104, 106, 108, 109, 113, 115-118, 121n, 128, 142, 147, 152, 154-55, 160, 163-64, 170-71, 174, 179, 181, 184-90, 192, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 209, 212-13, 216, 238-40, 242-43, 245, 247, 251, 266, 269-73, 276, 278, 281n, 282n, 286, 288n, 289, 297, 300n, 301, 303, 308, 311, 315, 354, 379, 399, 403-04, 420n, 441n, 662, 861n, 869, 881 Śūlapāṇi 878 Śulka (tolls), tax levied on goods carried by land or water 192 Śūlka, a kind of strīdhana 774-775 Sumantu 17, 200, 494n, 875. Sumitrā, a king, fond of dancing 86. Summoning (see under 'appearance'), rules about a defendant or accused 286-287 Śunaḥśepa, story of 544, 563-64, 660, 663; was adopted by Viśvāmitra 544, 563, 657n, 661, 680 Suodāralānda 172n, 214. Superintendents, functions of State departments 143-150 Sura (see under 'wine'), drinking of, was one of the five mahāpātakas 965, was said to be of three kinds 965, was primarily applied to liquor from flour 965 Surāsura, had a republic at one time 30 Surely, 435-436, all kinds of, are personally liable 437, liability of s one in case of Act of God or the King 437, liability of several sureties 436, of three kinds 436, of four kinds, acc. to Bṛhaspati 436, sons of s, for appearance or honesty not liable on death of s 437, taken for five purposes acc. to Hārīta 436-37, to be reimbursed by debtor for what s has to pay 438, when taken, acc. to Kātyāyana 436, who could not be accepted as 291-92 Sutherland 682 Sūrya, a great Kashmiri engineer 16n Svapuruṣa, (see 'puruṣa') Svargarohaṇīparva 872 Svastyayana, hymns 75, rites of 228 Svayamdatta son, definition of 645, 661 Svetaketu 92 Svetāśvataropaniṣad 330. Tables, (see under 'measures'), of cmns 121n, of measures of capacity 124, 146n, of measures of distance or length 124, 145n, of measures of time 146n, of the number of troops in an akṣauhiṇī 204-205, of weights 121-22, 145ṇ Taittirīya āraṇyaka 353, 842 Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, 29, 74, 75n, 77n, 92, 112, 132, 135, 153, 190, 272, 414, 603n, 676, 685n, 829, 877, 887, 907n, 921-22, 933, 961-62, 964 Taittirīya Saṃhitā 26, 41, 64, 77, 112, 125n, 132, 150n, 153, 162, 180, 213, 387-88, 414n-416, 500n, 515, 519, 535, 543, 565, 567, 588, 605n, 606, 613, 622, 624, 655n, 662, 689, 701, 703n, 713, 770, 830n, 842, 868n, 887, 905, 920-22, 962, 964 Taittirīya Upaniṣad 22, 826n, 875. Takṣaśilā 116; University of, where five princes studied 50 Tālajaṅgha 52. Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 361, 512n, 543, 600ṇ Tanks, construction of, by the State 162-63. Tantra, works on 215. Tantraratna 555ṇ Tantravārtika of Kumārila, 38n, 47n, 676n, 694n, 695n, 820n, 830, 834, 834n, 835, 839n, 841n, 842, 843n, 844, 846, 847n, 849n, 852, 853, 855, 857n, 858, 870n, 871, 964n, 965, 968ṇ Tawney 195, 283. Taxation; higher t. could be imposed in calamities after appealing to or requesting the people 185; how to impose in case of famines or other dangers 185; principles of, in ancient Indian works 184-185; principles of, laid down by Adam Smith 186n; should be felt as being light 185. Taxes, are the king's wages for the protection he gives 27, 182, 189; exemption from, applied only to very learned brāhmaṇas and not to all brāhmaṇas 195; exemptions from t. mentioned in land grants were eighteen 195; levied on marriages and upanayana 195; levied on merchandise 192-193; levied on persons performing śrāddhas at Gayā 195; not to be collected from learned brāhmaṇas, women, minors, students, ascetics and śūdras doing menial work for others 1, 194; not to be levied on improved land till cost of improvement was recovered by cultivator 191; ordinarily king was to take one-sixth of grain as t., but even one-fourth or even one-third in calamities 185; persons exempt from payment of t; principal payers of t. were agriculturists, artisans, traders &c. 191, rates of, were fixed by the smṛtis and could be varied only in emergencies 182-185, reasons why people must pay t. to king 189-90, rise in t. to be gradual 186; what prevented kings from exacting excessive t. 198. Tantrik copperplate of Mon 308. Taylor, Jeremy 288. Taylor, on 'Evidence' 336n, 338. Teacher, to be fined for failing to teach a lore or craft after receiving fees 481. Telang, Mr. Justice 570n, 698n, 751ṇ Temples, duty of village elders to increase property of 165; king could in calamities requisition wealth of 185, 197; property of, not lost by long possession of another 327. Thakur, Dr. Amareshwar, on 'Hindu Law of evidence' 308. Theft, definition of 519; distinguished from crimes of violence 525; duty of officers to catch thieves and make good loss caused by 167-168; enhancement of sentence for repeatedly committing 405; liability of village headman for t. 167-168; liability of whole village in certain cases of 168; no liability to make good loss if man robbed by his own servant 167; no t. if man took without permission certain articles 523-524; of three kinds, acc. to the value of the subject of 519. Thieves, cutting of fingers and hands of 522; frequently mentioned in the Ṛgveda 519, goldsmith is the worst of all t. 521; how detected and caught 520, nine kinds of secret t. 520; not to be convicted on mere suspicion 521; punishment for harbouring or giving food or help to t. and receiving stolen property from 523; special officers appointed for catching 168; to be made to restore property stolen or its price 167; two kinds of, patent and secret 520; various punishments for 521-522, were punished with death in Upaniṣadic times 287. Throne, how made 82. Time, brings about all results, acc. to some 170. Tīrthas (high officers of State) were 18, 112. Titbitattva, a work of Ragbunandana 910n Title, and possession lend support to one another 318, rules respecting possession and 319-320, without some slight possession has no strength 318 Tolerance, religions, in ancient India 881 Tolls, commodities exempt from pay- ment of 193-194, levied on exports and imports 193-194, superintendent of 146. Torture, allowed in witchcraft causes in England 4050, by police not un- known even now in the West and in India 255n ; employment of, to elicit admission from accused whose guilt is prima facie established 254, four kinds of 254, punishment of those causing death by 254, was part of Roman Criminal Procedure 255n, when not to be employed 254 Touching a person after a relative of the latter is dead 951 Traitana, a dāsa 353. Transactions, (see under 'contract', 'possession'), age of competency to enter into, for males and females 394, brought about by force or fraud are unenforceable 412, circums- tances which make it unenforceable 412, committed to writing prevail over those made before witnesses only 431-32, in conflict of, one with possession first is superior 431, in of sale, gift or mortgage the first in time prevails 432, last of several is decisive except in sale, gift or mortgage 413. Transfer of Property Act (Indian) 306, 413n, 425, 429n, 434, 493n, 494n, 674 Transfer, of property by acceptance 319 Trasadasyu, a Vedic king, claimed to be identical with Varuna and other gods 32 Treasure trove, rules about 175 Treasury, all undertakings of king depend on 154, duties of the superintendent 135 of 144, eight principal sources of filling 187-188, everyone, however poor, must contribute something to the 187, importance of gold and silver reserve in 187, means recom- mended for replenishing depleted 188-189. Trees, destruction of is śāsana of lowest kind 426, fines for injuring or felling 516, 528, rules about the ownership of the fruits and other products of t. growing on the boun- dark of a field 509-510 Trial, ordeals not to be resorted to if human means available 261, Tribes, mentioned in the Ṛgveda such as those of Anu, Druhyu &c 64, 135 Tribunals (see under 'courts'), grades of five kinds of 280; inferior, could dispose of all litigation except what fell under śāsana 281; inferior, could not carry out orders as to fines and punishments, but only recom- mended these to king 281, offenders of all castes were brought before same 398n, ten classes of, spoken by Bhṛgu 282, usage varied as to the number and gradation of inferior 285 Triveda, Dr D S 897n Troops, are of six kinds 200, fighting spirit inculcated and encouraged in, by holding forth several kinds of rewards 211, kṣatriyas constituted hereditary 202, number of, killed in the Mahābhārata war 204, of all castes existed even in the epic age 202, rules about 206, superiority or inferiority of several grades of 201-202. Troubles, internal, are more serious for the State than external ones 233 Tup-ṭīkā of Kumārila on Jaiminī 695n, Turvasu, son of Yayāti 937 Tuśāspa, a Yavana was Governor of Surāṣṭra under Aśoka 117. Twelve Tables, in Rome 389n, 441ṇ Twins, seniority among 627, 873. Uccala, king of Kashmir 80. Udayana, king of Vatsa, was impri- soned by Mahāsena 86. Udayanīyā, no rīti in Agnistoma 939. Udvahtatattva, 930, 944, 945n Udyogaparva, 30, 37, 43, 53, 58n, 62, 79, 101, 127, 131, 163n, 168, 173, 185, 202, 204-7, 213, 226, 228, 232, 245, 278, 334, 452, 538, 542n, 555n, 609n, 845, 848, 905, 907-8, 910, 911, 916, 918, 922, 965. Udvota, an author q by dāyabhāga 556, 736 Ugra 64 Uktalābha, defined 493. Upanīdi, 454-455, means every kind of bailment acc to Kātyāyana 455 Upapātaka (minor sin) 511n, 610n, adultery was generally regarded as 615, Cāndrāyana or Govrata was the ordinary penance for 615, go- vadha as an 365 Upaveda 49, Arthaśāstra is ao 10, 843: four Upavedas mentioned as affiliated to the four Vedas 10, 843n Upāyas (expedients of royal policy) 171-175, are four, acc to many writers 171, are seven, acc to Kāmandaka and a few others 172, are to be employed not only in state craft, but also in ordinary life 173. danda out of the upāyas is to be employed as a last resort 173, theory of, elaborated long before Christian era 172. Upeksā (an upaya) 172 Usages, about ritual varied even in Vedic times 877, authoritativeness of, laid down in smṛtis, in relation to Vedic rites 841-42, each country has u that are dnracāras 849, esta- blished in a country and not plainly immoral aod not in direct conflict with Veda aod smṛtis were to be recorded in writing uoder royal scal 270, 488, 862, family u preferred to sāstra 875: general rule about autho- ritativeness of 865-866, governed disputes of inhabitants of same vil- sage, city or couolry 283, 862, illus- trations of varyiog usages in different parts 861, immemorial u. said to be transcendental law 875, im- moral u condemned by Kumārila 848-849, of countries, castes, villages and groups, varying general rules were to be enforced by king 566, 860-866, 882, of guilds tra- ders, heretics, and associations may be enforced by king 860, of sistas as to gains of learning or gifts acquir- cd at expense of family estate 580, of Vedic śākhās about religious rites 883-84, recognizcd by Vedic texts gradnally went out of vogue and came to be condemned by common people 630, that are not opposed to Vedic texts, that have no visible pur- pose and are practised by Vedic śistas as dharma are authoritative 843 Uśanas, author of work on Rājaśāstra 2-4, 121n, 208, 221, smṛti of 336-37, 447, 485, 501, 514, 586. Uśasii Cākrāyana 164. Usury, (see under ‘money-lending’), even witnesses to u traosactions were liable to be punished 422, con- demned as worse than brāhmaṇa- murder 418, 420n, 425n, not known to Indians, acc to Megasthencs 118, Utpala, commentator of Brhatsamhta 82, 230n, 407n, 897, 906n, 916, 917, 919n Uttara (defcndant's reply) 300 Uttarakānda (of Rāmāyaṇa) 243. Uttarāmalūira, inscriptions on the qualifications of candidates for else- tion to village committecs 91, 156, Uttarāpatha 135 Vācaspati 668, Vāhīka, country of 88, Sākala, chief city of 88n Vaidya, Mr. C V 898, 901n, 912 Vaijayantī, a lexioon 136, 145n, 383, Vaijayantī, com of Nandapaṇḍita on Visnudharmasūtra, 39, 122n, 142, 195, 205, 403, 452, 453, 626n, 646, 717, 727, 730-31, 777, 877n Vaikhānasa-smārtasūtra 764ṇ Vainya, the first king, who made a contract with people 31 Vairantya, a king killed by stratagem 85. Vaiśarjaoa-homa 836n Vaiśya-vamśa-śūdhākara 252n Vājapeya, a sacrifice, may be perform ed by brāhmaṇas 65, 836n sacrificial post 1n 75n, 92 Vājasaneya saṃhitā, 64, 132, 162, 272, 353, 519, 534, 541, 600, 741n, 837, 962, 964 Vajjīans, eight clans of 90 Vajrādiṭya, a Kashmir king who sold many people as slaves to mlecchas 484 Vākāṭakas 39, 70. were allied by marriage to Bhāraśivas 76ṇ Vākpāruṣya (abuse and defamation) 511-513 Vākyabheda, fault of 695 Vāmagama, (see under śākta) Vamaparva 5, 46, 49, 51, 53n, 101, 134, 161, 168, 172, 180, 207-8, 214, 634n, 7760, 860, 8890, 890-92, 896n, 923-24, 960n Vānaprastha, stage of, forbidden in Kali 941 Varadarāja, author of Gūrvāṇapada-mañjarī 849 Varadarāja, author of Vyavahāra-nirṇaya, a work of authority on Hindu Law in Madras 546, 545, 731. Varāhaghṛya 754n Varāhamihira, author of Bṛhatsamhitā, 231, 889, 897, and of Pañcasid-dhāntikā 898, 907 Vardhamāna, author of Daṣdaviveka 191, 391ṇ Varsas, nine, of Jambudvīpa 134. Vārṣyāyaṇī 524. Vartā, benefits from 50, constituents of 50; importance of 51, works on 14ṇ Vartika, on Pāṇini 38n, 126n, 140n, 141n, 144n, 190, 499ṇ Varuṇan, as chastiser of kings 176, praised as the lord of śāstras 132. Varuṇapraghāsa, a Vedic rite, one of the Cāturmāsyas 534, 6760 Vāsavadattā, of Subandhu 53. Vasiṣṭha, special oath taken by 359, threw himself into the Vipāśā river 845 Vasiṣṭha, smṛti of 302n, 310, 342n, 430. Vasiṣṭha, dharmaśāstra of 3, 37, 56, 59, 61, 97, 119, 137, 160n, 166, 190, 194, 242, 245-6, 250, 273, 307, 317, 327, 332, 333, 343, 344n, 353, 355, 380, 390, 391, 401-2, 409, 417-18, 423, 443, 447, 454, 472, 504, 527, 535, 564, 574, 595, 598-99, 608, 612n, 614-15, 617, 625, 642n, 644, 646, 647n, 650-51, 655, 657, 660, 663, 668, 676, 677n, 678n, 690n, 698, 700, 703n 706, 753, 771, 775n, 803, 805-7, 825, 857, 863, 866, 870n, 872n, 874, 875, 881, 931, 938, 941, 944, 946-48, 950, 952, 954, 957, 959, 963, 965 Vasiṣṭhadharmaśūtra, specially studied by Ṛgvedios 853 Vasordhāra, a religious rite 234 Vāstusāstra 180. Vāsudeva, minister of Devalhūtī, killed his master 86 Vāsudeva, (see under Kṛṣṇa), is said to have drunk liquor prepared from honey 965 Vasus, eight 368 Vātāpi, perished when attacking Agastya through over-joy 53. Vatsa, was abused by his step-brother as the son of a Śūdra woman 361 Vātsyāyana, author of bhāṣya on Nyāyasūtra 46n Vāyupurāṇa, 10, 21, 42n, 53n, 65n, 101, 146n, 170, 179, 642n, 675, 872n, 877, 893n, 896n, 897n, 899-900, 902 Vedānga Jyotisa-883, 922, 923-25, 934. Vedāngas 19, 839. Vedānta, philosophy propounds Purusa as the cause of the world 839. Vedāntasūtra 46, 47n, 227, 443n, 669n, 719, 731n, 870, 964n, 968n, Vedas, acc. to Kauṭilya 48, angas of 48–49. Veda-Vyāsa, smṛti of 272n, 872, 963 Vena, a king, was killed by brāhmaṇas for his irreligious conduct 26, 33; perished through lack of vinaya 52. Vendor, (see under 'purchaser', 'sale'). Veśāli, capital of Licchavis 90, 91; administrations of justice in, was complicated 268 Vᶜcjās, (see under 'gaṇikā'), were almost slaves 148 Vibhāga (partition), definition of 560–561. Victoria, proclamation of Queen 61n 820 Victory, joyous or confident state of mind is the highest sign of 227 Vidhivirūpya, meaning of 605 Vidhivisāmya, explained 704. Vidhurā, a king, killed by his queen 85 Vidyādhana, (see under 'gains of learn-ing') 581ff. Vidyā, control of senses is the cause of proficiency in 52; for a king 48–49, fourteen or eighteen in ancient times 843. produce discipline (vinaya) 51. Vigraha (hostility), sixteen ways in which v. springs 226. Vijñāneśvara, (see under Mitākṣarā) 119, 393, 869, 927, 942. Vikramorvasiya, a drama of Kālidāsa 305ṇ Village, assemblies carrying on local administration in 155–156; craftsmen were hereditarily attached to 156, communities were miniature States 157. duty of elders of, to protect and increase property of minors and temples 166, extent and revenue of 134, 154. headman of 153–154, headman of, had certain summary powers of punishment 282; officers of a 154–155, officers of, supervised by a minister of State 141, should contain not less than 100 families and not more than 500, 134 Village Police Act (in Bombay Presidency) 282 Villages, administration of, by means of a hierarchy of officers 141–42, groups of ten, 200, 400 had separate appellations 140, in a kingdom were divided into three grades by the samāhartṛ 143, were named after trees 141ṇ Vināyaka, propitiatory rite to 366. Vipāśā, river in which Vasiṣṭha threw himself 845 Viramitrodaya, (see Vyavahāraprakāśa and Rājanītiprakāśa), 10, 445, 571, 576, 671, 731, 735, 759, 782, 800, 879, is of paramount authority in the Benares School of Hindu Law 544 Virāṭaparva 59, 135, 160, 180, 203, 888 Viśālākṣa, expounder of Rājaśāstra 2, 83, 232, summarised the work of Brahmā 4 Viṣṇu, smṛti of (not found in printed text) 735. Viṣṇudharmasūtra, 3, 9, 17n, 22, 37, 56, 58–59, 61, 71, 118–121n, 126, 133, 141–42, 146n, 166–67, 173, 176, 179, 185, 187, 190–92, 195–96, 242, 245, 273, 275, 294, 305, 307, 311–12, 314–15, 321, 330–32, 334, 336, 340n, 343, 346–47, 352–53, 358, 360, 364–66, 370–372n, 373–74, 389, 392, 394, 396–97, 400, 402–05, 409, 419, 421–23, 427–29, 431–433, 436–38, 440, 442–45, 449n, 450, 452–53, 463, 472, 479, 490, 498, 509, 511n, 512, 516, 522, 526–28, 534–35, 551, 554, 574, 578, 580, 587, 589n, 595, 598, 605, 608, 610n, 613n, 614n, 616–18, 620, 623, 625, 630, 639, 642, 644, 646, 655, 663, 678n, 690n, 700–702, 710n, 714, 719, 721, 725, 734, 747, 749, 763–64, 767, 773, 775n, 777n, 787, 790, 804, 807n, 816, 857, 866, 869, 877n, 890, 922, 932, 943–44, 949, 951–52, 953–54, 959, 963, 965 Viṣṇudharmottara-purāṇa, 13, 24, 44, 54, 57, 59–60, 69, 72, 77n, 79, 80, 82, 105, 108, 118, 119n, 126-27, 130-31, 133, 141-42, 160-61, 167, 170, 172-73, 177, 184, 191, 192, 195, 215-17, 219, 220n, 223-24, 226-27, 230, 263, 924 Visnugupta, composed work on Daodanīti in 6000 ślokas 7, 8 Viṣṇupurāṇa, 10, 77n, 134, 137, 737n, 766, 856n, 857, 869, 892, 895n, 896, 897n, 924-25 Viśvānāyāsa, father of Kalkin, 924-25 Viśi, duties of 208 Viśvāmitra, adopted Śroahśepa, though he had already many sons 544, 661- 63, officiated as priest for Triśaṅku who had become a Cāṇḍāla 845. Viśvanātha, a logician, author of Māṃsatattvaviveka 916 Viśvarūpa, commentator of Yājñavalkyasmṛti 9, 32, 470, 48, 137, 159n, 160, 167, 263n, 299, 312, 322-23, 340, 387n, 395n, 398n, 421n, 452n, 454, 505, 527n, 557, 579-80, 582n, 597, 601n, 602n, 604n, 606n, 616n, 621n, 629, 636, 860n, 865, 867n, 869, 874, 927, 932, 938, 942n, 956, 965 Vitastā, river was dammed by Soyya 162 Vivāda, meaning of 246 Vivādacandra of Miśarumiśra 246, 288n, 291n, 325, 327n, 341, 349, 356n, 358, 380, 417n, 423n, 424n, 434n, 455n, 460, 473n, 474n, 490n, 545, 573n, 605, 698n, 703n, 708n, 736n, 766-67, 771n, 774n, 779, 785n, 790n Vivādacintāmani, 417n, 419n, 420n, 426n, 447n, 460, 474n, 476n, 492n, 510n, 513n, 522n, 523, 526n, 545, 618n, 626n, 634n, 651n, 698, 701, 708n, 712, 718n, 721, 763, 766, 770n, 773n-79, 782, 784n, 785n, 786n, 787-88, 791n, 793, 817n, leading authority in Mithilā 545, 795 Vivādaratnākara, 121n, 165n, 177, 246, 281, 316, 320, 393n, 401n, 404, 413n, 419n, 420n, 421n, 423n, 426n, 432n, 435n, 440, 442n, 445n, 446, 447n, 451n, 457n-460n, 462n-465n, 467n- 470n, 472n, 473n, 476n, 480n, 484n, 485n, 489n, 492n, 498n-504n, 506n, 508n, 513n, 514n, 516n, 521n, 522n 523, 525n, 529n, 531n-533n, 536n, 538n, 540n, 545, 553n, 554n, 566n, 568n, 572n, 574, 575n-577n, 580n, 581n, 583n, 586n, 587-590n, 592n, 597, 598, 607n, 610n, 618n, 619n, 621n, 623n-626n, 631n, 632n, 634n, 635-36, 637n, 642n, 644, 646, 649n, 651n, 652n, 656n, 660n, 664n, 702, 707n, 714n, 716, 721n, 734n, 736n, 738n, 747n, 763, 770, 771n, 786n- 788n, 791n, 948n Vivādatāṇḍava, 246, 547n, 550n, 556n, 593n, 643n, 659, 664n, 692n, 729n, 770n Vogel, Dr. 153 Vratakhanda of Hemādri 122n Vṛddhātri 872ṇ Vṛddha-Bṛhaspati 614, 653n, 943 Vṛddha-Gautama 432n, 676n, 683n, 684n, 863n Vṛddha-Hārīta, 209, 242, 391, 396-97, 400-402, 420, 442, 951. Vṛddha-Kātyāyana 300n, 493ṇ Vṛddha-Manu 408, 477-79, 707 Vṛddha-Śātātapa 754. Vṛddha-Vasiṣṭha 380 Vṛddha-Visou 721n Vṛddha-Yājñavalkya 675 Vṛṣṇis, oligarchy of, perished by attacking Dvāipāyana 53. saṅgha of, was presided over by Kṛṣṇa 88, suffered through gambling 55 Vṛtra 65 Vyāhṛtis 76 Vyāsa, expounder of Rājaśāstra 4, Vyāsa, a kānīna son 660, gave sight for a time to Blind Dhṛtarāṣṭra 847, produced by niyoga two sons of the wives of Vicitravīrya 845-846 Vyāsa, smṛti of 260, 272n, 273, 278, 284, 304, 310-13, 318, 322, 332, 341, 355, 358, 379-80, 393, 409, 421, 430, 437, 462, 467n, 491n, 492, 496, 499, 510, 521-22, 524, 526, 531, 554, 572, 580n, 582, 584, 586n, 606-07, 703, 737, 772, 778, 926, 961, 970. Vyasānās, of lūng, arising from kāma and krodha 232-233, of the ele- ments of rājya 232. Vyavahāra, eight limbs of 262, four feet of 259-60, four stages of, are plaint, reply, proof and decision 260, meanings of 245-247; several matters predicated about 259-263, springs from three motives, kāma, krodha and lobha 262. Vyavahāra-kalpataru 882ṇ Vyavahāramātṛkā of Jīmūtavāhana, 246, 251n, 258n, 268, 271n-273n, 281, 284n, 285n, 297n, 300n-302n, 305n, 312, 321n, 323-24. 330-32, 347, 351n, 358n, 363n, 380n, 381, 409, 410n, 413n, 867n, 882n Vyavahāramayūkha of Nīlakaṇṭha 247, 287n, 294n, 309ṇ 310, 323, 340n, 341n, 346n, 358, 363, 368, 370, 373, 389n, 393n, 394n, 417n, 419n, 423n, 424, 426n, 428n, 429n, 431n, 433n, 434n, 445n, 462n, 463n, 467n, 468n, 473n, 513n, 526, 532n, 545-46, 549n, 550n, 551, 553n, 554n, 560, 562, 568n, 569, 575n, 582n-584n, 586n, 593n, 595n, 597, 599n, 601, 607n, 609n-10n, 618n, 621n, 623, 626-27, 632n, 636, 647n, 664, 668n-670n, 674-75, 678-80, 687-692n, 695-96, 706n, 709-10, 715n, 719n, 721-22, 725-26, 728-29, 731-32, 734, 738, 747n, 748, 761, 763, 764n, 766, 768- 69, 772, 774n, 777n, 779, 782-784n, 787-791n, 795, 797-98n, 800n, 804n, 805, 809-11, 817n, 861n, 867n, 873, 878, 879, 936, a work of paramount authority on Hindu Law in Gujerat, Bombay Island and Northern Konkan 545, 878 Vyavahārāmṛta of Varadarāja 121n, 246, 260, 277n 287n, 300n, 301n, 308n, 310, 313n, 318n, 321n, 326n, 327n, 336n, 338n, 341n, 342n, 348n, 355n, 358n, 368, 369n, 379n, 382, 391n, 394n, 403n, 419n, 423, 428n, 430n, 431, 441n, 445n, 468n, 469, 474, 487n, 492n-494n, 495-96, 545, 553, 554n, 556n, 569, 571n, 572n, 576n, 577n, 582n-85n, 592n, 593n, 601, 606n, 620n, 621n, 623n, 625n, 628n, 631n, 639n, 644, 651n, 653n, 678n, 683, 685n, 686, 703n, 707n, 713n, 731, 733n, 736n 752n, 755n, 774n, 776n, 779n, 791n, 800n, 861n, 862n, 882n Vyavahārapadas, meaning of 248; misjoinder of 299, number and nomenclature of, differed 348, said to be 18 from ancient times 248, 250; subdivided into those arising from wealth and those arising from injury 258; subdivisions of 262 Vyavahāraprakāśa (part of Vīramitro- daya of Mitramiśra) 156n, 243n-44n, 247n, 259n, 261-65n, 275, 278, 280, 282n, 284, 288n, 291, 299n, 301n- 303n, 304, 306, 308-10, 313n, 315, 317, 318n, 322-23, 327n, 330-334, 337, 338n, 340n, 344n, 346n, 348n, 350n, 351, 352n, 354n-357n, 358, 363n, 364n, 366n, 367n, 368, 371n, 372n, 375, 379, 380n, 383, 385n, 396, 417n, 419n, 432, 436n, 437, 438n-440n, 443n, 444n-45n, 447n, 451, 452n, 455, 456n-58n, 462, 463n, 464, 465n-468n, 470n, 471n, 473n, 474n, 475, 477n-479n, 482n-485n, 487, 488n, 489n-90, 492n, 498n, 499n, 502n, 505n, 506n, 507, 509n, 513, 520n, 521, 522n, 525n-26n, 529n, 531n, 532, 536n- 37n, 539, 546, 548n, 549, 550n, 552, 555n, 558n, 563n, 568-70n, 572-75n, 578, 598, 602n, 603n, 604, 620, 621n, 623n, 625n, 628n, 629n, 631n, 632n, 636-37, 639n, 652n, 701n, 706-708n, 712, 713n, 715n, 716, 720n-22, 725-27, 729n, 733n, 734n, 737n, 747n, 755, 766, 768, 769n, 774n, 775, 777-79n, 785n, 788, 793, 800n, 804n, 809n, 858n, 861, 862n, 863, 866n, 867n, 869, 879n, 882ṇ Vyavahāraratnākara 246 Vyavahārasāra, 274, 278, 281n, 311, 354n, 379n, 383, 441n, 459n, 483n, 560n, 605, 625n, 628n, 721n, 733n Vyavahāratattva, 246, 271n, 276, 288n, 293, 306, 317n, 323n, 325, 338, 340n, 366n, 367, 375, 867ṇ

Wad, Rao Bahadur 106, 405 War, ( see under 'battle' ), country of an enemy may be harassed in 210, fighting ceased at sunset in 211, high ideal of, in the Mahābhārata 209; non-combatants were not to be molested in 210, rules of, agreed upon between Kauravas and Pāṇḍavas 209, use of poisoned or barbed arrows forbidden in 210, weapons used in ancient India in 212-215, wounded soldiers of enemy in w should be given medicine 210 Water, rules about allowing w. to run on another's land or house 507-508; rules about defiling reservoir of w, or river 509. Watercourse, rules about 508, 510, 590. Watters ( on Yuan Chwang's travels ) 376n, 407. Ways, rights of, belonging to a joint family cannot be divided at a parti- tion 588ṇ Wealth, activity is the root of 169, all w is not meant for sacrifices 609; is acquired for two purposes, viz. worldly enjoyment and spiritual benefit 736, men of, to be honoured by king 189, rules about the acquisi- tion of w arc puruṣārtha 550n, seven śāstric sources of 550n Weapons, divided into four classes by ancient writers 264-265, five kinds of 215, worship of, before battle 210-911 Wearing, duties of superintendent of 146. Weber 16 Weights and measures, duties of superin- tendent of 145-146, punishment for false 166, were first introduced by the Nandas 145n, were made from iron or stones found in Magadha country or Nekala mountain 146 Wells, should not be partitioned but enjoyed in common 586, 588n, 596. Whipping, allowed in England even now for certain offences 403n, as punishment for certain offences 403- 4; prescribed as punishment in some cases for women, minors, slaves, lunatics, old men 404. Whipping Act (Indian) 403ṇ Widow, can perform only the Ekod- diṣṭa śrāddha for her husband 737, different views about the power of adoption of a son by a 668-669, effect of unchastity on right to main- tenance 806-808; fluctuations in cases about widow's power of adoption in a joint Hindu family in the Bombay Presidency 670-674, forfeits property taken as heir of her husband if she remarries 707, of predeceased son or predeceased grandson was allowed by Viśvarūpa to take the share of her deceased husband 604, of gotraja as heir 751-52, remarriage of, con- demned by most smṛtis but allowed by custom in certain castes 453, right of w. of a person or of his pre- deceased son or grandson in modern times 604, right of w. to succeed to separated sonless husband, if chaste 706-707, right of w. is of a limited nature 708-710, succeeding to hus- band does not forfeit estate by sub- sequent unchastity 707, succeeds as heir under Dāyabhāga, whether hus- band was joint or separate 708, taken of, bad to pay her first hus- band's debts 453, was to be chaste, perform śrāddha of deceased husband and take all his wealth 738, whether unchaste w can adopt 674 Wife, acc. to Vyāsa, was entitled to al- most to 2000 panas in the husband's wealth 606, cannot herself demand partition but was entitled to a share when husband separated his sons or her sons claim partition during father's life 605, could earn or own property, but had no independent power of disposal during husband's life 452; debts of, to be paid by hus- band in the case of cowherds, hunters and the like 452, husband must try to deserve regard and love of 537. hus-band had ownership over, acc to Nārada 453, maintenance of 803-4. may be divided as to estate from husband 450-51, meaning of dictum 'there is no partition between hus-band and w' 603-604, not liable to pay husband's debts 440-441. 452. of cowherd and of him who takes a lease of land for half produce liable for debts of husband 441, of sacri-ficer had to confess in Varunapra-ghāsa if she had a paramour 534-35, right of w.' to succeed to her deceased husband's wealth was recognized after a long struggle 701, punishment for abandoning blameless w 804, treatment of w guilty of adultery 806, was said to be he half of the hus-band 453 Witnesses, (see under 'perjury'), at least three generally required 331 brāhmaṇa w following avocation of tending cattle or engaged to trade or as menials were to be treated as śūdras in matters of oath 344 compulsory attendance of 345, cross examination of w how far allowed 245, divided by Nārada into kṛta and akṛta 339, duty of party oppos ed to the party calling w to point out latent defects rendering them incompetent as w. 341, even persons generally held to be incompetent as w may have to be examined in cer tain cases 337, evidence of w tends to be false owing to friendship, fear, greed, anger, ignorance 334, exa mination of, not to be delayed by king or judge 331, exceptions to open court 346, extortions ad-dressed by the judge to 342-344, faults in w. cannot be pointed out at a late stage 344, fined for not coming to depose 345, five classes of incompetent 338-339, five kinds of kṛta 339, how much has to be proved by party calling w. 347-348, if serious calamity befell w. after deposing in a cause they were fined and made to pay debt claimed 352, indicatory acts and appearances of w. deposing falsely 346, 10 disputes among groups, guilds &c. 333; minimum required to attest documents 312. number of w, necessary in a dispute 331-332, Oaths administered to 343-44; parties as 345, patent defects in, to be considered by court at time of giving decision 341, persons incompetent to be w. 334-336, qualifications of 332-333, quality preferred to number of 347, rules in case of conflict among 347, should be produced for examination by parties or summoned by court 345; should ordinarily be of the same caste as the parties 333, should take off their shoes and touch cow. Wilkinson, author of 'Manners and customs of ancient Egyptians' 425n, Will, Bṛhaspati is against passing of property by 474, 817, germs of the idea of 474, 816-817, of Umichand 818, political w, of Lalitāditya 817, unknown to ancient Hindu Law 816; Wills, on 'circumstantial evidence 356n, 357n Window, opening of w so as to command view of the interior of another's house not allowed 507 Wine, none to be allowed to drink during day time acc to Śukra 148. how far forbidden in Kali 964-965 Winternitz, Dr 122n, 405n Witchcraft, 405-406, punished in England up to beginning of 18th century 405, punishment for acc to Manu and Bṛhaspati 406. Witness, even one may be sufficient in certain cases 331-332, evidence of, must be direct and not hearsay, 330, king cannot be cited as 336, litigants were not to approach secretly a w, 349, Manu prefers a single male w. to women of good character 337, who is a 330. dnną, gold or darbha grass before deposing 342; six kinds of akṛta 340, strict examination of character of w should be entered upon only in civil disputes 336-37, subsistence allowance for w 345, swearing and exhortation of w differed acc to caste 343-44, taking down the depo- sitions of 344, to be examined in presence of parties 342-343, twelve kinds of, mentioned by Bṛhaspati 340, were allowed to depose falsely by dharmaśāstra works if speaking the truth would lead to death sen- tence for accused 353, were to depose in the presence of fire, water jar and brāhmaṇas 342, women as 333-34, 337, women not wholly dis- qualified as w. 338

Woman, abandonment of, as punish- ment when she conceived from inter- course with a man of lower caste 402, person buying or selling a brāhmaṇa woman as a slave was punished by king and the transaction was set aside 485, pregnant, not to be sentenced to death 402, sight of, in a dream, an auspicious sign 226, when abandoned for unchastity 806- 807, who was not a slave became a slave by marrying a slave 485

Women, assimilated to śūdras in respect of study of Veda, homa &c. 687, cannot be completely guarded by be- ing merely secluded 537; even patīta w that had not performed prāyaś- citta were to be given bare mainten- ance 610, have authority to perform pūrta dharma, i. e. works of charity such as building of wells, temples, parks 610, lesser punishment for 533, must be guarded against im- proper attachments 536, not held entitled to a share, but only to maintenance acc to certain writers that rely on Baudhāyana 606, 712, not to be arrested and jailed in certain cases 364-65, not entitled to inherit in the whole of India except five w.

specially mentioned and except in Bombay and Madras 713, 746, 748, not entitled to dispose of property independently of their husbands 771, of even good family come to ruin by independence 536, only four kinds of adulterous w to be abandoned 948, rules about personal appearance of w. in courts 287; saṁskāras of, except marriage, not to be performed with Vedic mantras 712, treatment of women raped or kidnapped 956-57, work provided at home by superin- tendent of weaving for w. that did get out or were crippled or unmarried 146 Work, two kinds of, śubha and aśubha 482, what is impure w 482, Writing, referred to even in the most ancient dharmasūtras 307, when introduced in ancient India 306-308, wooden boards used for writing ephemeral matters 308.

Yācitaka, rules of Kātyāyana about interest beginning to run on 426, rules of Kaṇṭilya about 459. Yādavaprakāśa, author of lexicon called Vaijayanti 136. Yadu, disobeyed his father Yayāti and lost the kingdom 42. Yājñavallıya, smṛti of, 6-7, 9-10, 17n, 22, 26, 32, 37-8, 43-4, 48, 56-7, 59-60, 62, 71, 95-97, 101, 107-110, 118-121n, 123, 124n, 126, 128-29, 132, 140n, 142, 146n, 158, 160-61, 166-171, 173n, 175-76, 178, 184, 193, 195, 199, 209, 211, 216-17, 228, 238, 242, 245-48, 250-51, 257, 259, 260n, 263n, 268, 270-71, 273, 275, 277, 280, 284, 291-92, 294-97, 300, 302- 310, 312-313, 314-15, 317, 319-21, 324-25, 327-28, 331-34, 336, 338n, 340n, 342-348n, 350-53, 356, 358, 360, 362-65, 367-68, 370-74, 376n, 380-83, 385, 387-89, 391-92, 394- 398n, 400-405, 408, 412-13, 419-422, 425, 427-29, 431, 433-438, 440-445n, 448n-452, 454, 457-58, 463-64, 466-67, 470-72, 476-479, 481-84. 486, 488-92, 494n, 496-501, 504-05, 507, 509-516, 520-22, 524, 525n, 527-29, 531, 533-35, 538-540, 545, 549n, 551n, 553, 554n-557, 563, 566- 567, 569, 573-577, 579, 582, 584, 586-87, 590, 592, 593n, 595-99, 601, 603, 605, 609-617, 619, 621-23, 628, 630, 632, 635, 637, 640-41, 644-46, 649, 651-54, 657-58, 660, 663, 666, 670n, 675, 677-78, 686, 690n, 700- 702, 708, 714-15, 719, 722, 725-26, 732, 735, 737n, 742-43, 749, 754n, 759-60, 764-65, 767, 773, 775n, 779- 81, 785-87, 792-94, 801, 803-807, 809, 810n, 812, 814, 823, 825n-27, 831, 837, 857n, 858n, 860, 863, 865, 866, 867n, 868, 869, 871, 874, 878, 881-83, 931-34, 938-39, 941, 943, 946-48, 950-52, 954, 958-59, 963, 965, 970 Yama, smṛti of, 527n, 533-34, 644, 652n, 707n, 792. Yaśaskara, a king, personally heard causes of people 270-71, punished a brāhmaṇa criminal with mark of dog's foot on the forehead 403, was elect- ed king of Kashmir 31 Yaśastilaka 27, 84, 86, 111n, 113, 128n, 202, 203n, 859ṇ Yāska (see under ‘Nirukta’), 104, 658, 776ṇ Yaśodharman Viṣṇuyaśas 925n Yati, śūdra as 765, who could be a 765; whether he could beg for food from all varṇas 957, rule about his abode for the night 959-60 Yatidharmasaṅgraha 929n, 960ṇ Yaudheyas, republic of 89; were up- rooted by Rudradāman 89

Yantaka, a kind of strīdhana 778-779 Yavana, king ruled for a long time be- cause he observed dictates of dharma 97. Yavanas, dwelt in the east of Bharata- varṣa 67; said to have sprung from Turvasu, son of Yayāti 937. Yayāti, passed over his eldest son Yadu and made his youngest son Pūru his successor 42, 44 Yogakṣema, meaning of 588-589 Yogīśva, a writer 348n Yojana, measure of distance varied in different countries 145n Yuddhakaṇḍa 77, 116, 200, 209, 214 Yudhiṣṭhira, prevaricated to bring about death of his teacher Droṇa 845, vow of, not to refuse dice play when challenged 542. Yugapurāṇa, part of Gargasamhitā 892, 897. Yugas, description of the nature and dharmas of four 891-92, dharma declined progressively in the 244, 885-886, dharmas of different y. differ 869, 891, four well-known y. not found in Ṛgveda 886, meaning of 886-889, smṛtis predominant in several y 869, 885, theory of 885- 891. Yuktikālpaltaru 13, 229n, 230 Yuvarāja, bad y. to be kept confined 117; eldest son or younger brother of a reigning king became 116, emoluments of 117, entrusting powers to 117, not generally enumerated in the lists of mantras 116; often sent as a Governor of a province of the realm 116,