Appendix - Note 191

Volume III pp. 975–1015

Appendix - Note 191

NOTE 191

Long lists of high functionaries and other officers occur in several inscriptionṣ Vide E. I. vol. VII at p. 91 ( Kahla plate of Sodhadevá ), E. I. vol. XII at p. 40, E. I. vol. XIV at p. 327 ( grant of Mahipála ). There are about 40 titles in some inscriptionṣ They are generally arranged in order of dignity and importance, the highest coming first. Sometimes several offices are held by the same maṇ For example, in the Jesar plate of Sīlāditya ( dated in Valabhi year 357 ) the high officer Mammaka is styled ‘sandhivigrahādhikṛita, divirapati, mahā- pratīhāra, sāmmanta’ ( E. I. XXII at p. 120 ). It is not claimed that the following is a thoroughly exhaustive list. It is, however, exhaustive enough. Titles and dignitaries in South Indian languages have been generally omitteḍ Vogel stands for Dr. Vogel’s work on ‘Antiquities of Chamba State’ where, on pp. 120–136, he furnishes informing notes on some officerṣ There is difference of opinion among scholars about the exact meaning of certain office nameṣ The individual functions of several officers are not quite clear. The references given here as to where an office occurs are not exhaustive. Chronologically older references alone are generally given and they are mostly taken ( so far as inscriptions are concerned ) from the Epigra- phia Indica ( E. I. ) and the Indian Antiquary ( I. A. ). Many official titles have the word ‘mahā’ prefixed without any change in meaning in some caseṣ Vide India Office Plate of Laksmanasena in his 27th year ( E. I. XXVI. p. 1 at p. 7 ) for many official titles beginning with ‘mahā’. अक्षपटलाध्यक्ष —Superintendent of records and accountṣ Vide Kauṭilya II. 7 and p. 143 above for his dutieṣ अक्षाशालिक or अक्षाशालिन्—Officer in charge of the gambling-hall. Vide Komanda plate of Nettabhañja in E. I. XXIV p. 172 at p. 173 (about 4th century A. D.) अक्षावाप—Superintendent of gambling. He was one of the 'ratnins' mentioned in the Tai. S and Śat Br. Vide H. of Dh. vol. II. p. 1216 and above p 112 अट्टपति—‘Market-master'. Vide Rājat. V. 167. अधिकरणलेखक—Official recorder or scribe (who drew up deeds of sale and the like after having the land sold measured in his presence). Vide Rājat. VI. 38 and note 436 above where Viṣṇu Dh. S. VII. 3 is quoteḍ अन्तपाल—Officer in charge of boundarieṣ Vide Kauṭilya I 12 (one of the 18 tīrthas), II. 21, V. 1. and Kāmandaka XII. 5. The word occurs in the Mālavikāgnimitra, Act I. अन्तःपुरमहामात्र—Officer in charge of the inner apartments or of the hareṃ Vide Masulipatam plate of Ammarāja II in E I. XXIV p. 268 at p. 276. अन्तर्वेशिक—Officer in charge of the king's inner apartments or harem of the king. Vide Candrāvatī plate of Candradeva of Kanoj (in saṁvat 1148) in E I. IX. at p. 305. अन्तरङ्ग—A class of royal servants very intimate with the king (probably same as ābhyantara). Vide Parikud plate of Madhyamarājadeva of Śailadanta family in E. I. XI at p. 286 and grant of Laksmanasena in E. I. XII p. 91 (of 1122 A. D.). अन्तर्वेशिक—Officer in charge of the inner apartments or hareṃ Kauṭilya I. 12 mentions this officer among the 18 tīrthas. The word occurs in the Kādambari (para 88), the Daśa-kumāracarita III. p. 71 and is defined by the Amarakōśa. आम्रिलरक्षणक—A messenger. The word occurs in the Nālaṇḍa plate of Devapāladeva in E. I. XVII at p. 321 (the words are ‘ dūtaprēsānikagamāgamika-abhitvaramānaka ') and in the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapāla (E I vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250). Vide also Chamba Inṣ No. 15 p. 166 for the same and Vogel (pp. 125-126). अभ्रच्—{ Prākṛit for āmātya ). Vide Nasik Inṣ Noṣ 4 and 5 in E. I. VIII pp. 71, 73} अमाल्य—Minister. Vide p. 104 and note 150 above. अध्यक्षाश्व-कायस्थ—A petty officer in charge of the fodder for horseṣ Vide Rājāt. III. 489. अश्वपति—A cavalry officer. Vide Gupta Inṣ No 61 at p 259 (in the Gupta year 106 ). आक्षपटलिक—Officer in charge of the account or record office. Vide E. I. vol. I pp 316, 318 (grant of Karna I dated samvat 1148). आम्रहारिक—Officer in charge of an agrahāra or agrahāraṣ Vide Gupta Inṣ No. 12 (Bihar stone Inṣ of Skandagupta ) p. 47 at p. 52 and Mallasarul plate of Vijayasena in E. I. XXIII p. 155 at p 159 The word may also be ‘agrahārika’ or ‘agrahārin’. Vide E I XXIV at p. 127 for a note on ‘agrahāra’. आज्ञाप्ति—One who communicates at the order of the king the details about a landgrant to local officers (probably the same as dūtaka). This word occurs in some of the earliest Inṣ of Pallava Sivaskandavarman (in E. I. VI p. 84 at p. 88). Vide also E I VIII at p. 146 (plates of the great Pallava queen Cărudevī), JBBRAS vol. X p 365 of śake 532 (where the ājñapti is Durgapati), E I. XII p. 3, E. I. XV p. 70 (plate of Sundara Cola ) In the grant of the eastern Călukya king Amma II we have ‘ajñaptih katakādhiśo bhattadevasca lekhakah’ (E. I. VII at p. 188 ). Vide p. 184 of the same for a discussion of the meaning आज्ञा—a synonym of आज्ञप्ति. Vide Parle plate of Indravarmnan in E I. XIV p 360 at p. 362 (of the Ganga year 149 ) where the words are ‘ājñā mahāmahattara-Sivavarma’. When in the Gupta Inṣ No 25 at p. 115 (of Mahārāja Sanksabha ) or in the plate of Dronasimha in the Valabhi year 183 in E. I. XVI at p. 19 the words at the end are ‘svayam-ājñā’ the meaning is that the king employed no dūtaka to convey the details of his grant to the local officers but that he gave the details in persoṇ आज्ञादापक—Probably the same as ‘ājñapti’ or ‘dūtaka’. Vide I A. 14 p. 161 in the record of Vākpatirāja of Dhārā dated samvat 1036. आटविक—Officer in charge of forest tractṣ The word occurs in Kauṭilya I. 12 among the 18 tīrthas आधिकारिक—Officer. The exact function cannot be indicateḍ Vide grant of Dhārāvarsa in śake 702 (E. I. XXIV p. 176 at p 184), Cambay plates of Govinda IV in śake 852 (E L VII p 26 at p 40), Kauthem plate of Vikramāditya V in śake 930 (I. A. 16 p 15 at p 24). आभ्यन्तर—Officers specially intimate or in close contact with the king. Vide Rājat. VIII 426. आयुक्त—An officer. The exact duties are not clear. Pāṇini II. 3 40 indicates that he knows the word in the sense of a servant or officer. Vide Gupta Inṣ No. 1 p. 1 at p. 8 ( Allahabad Stone pillar Inṣ of Samudragupta ) which has ‘āyukta-puruṣa’. आयुक्तक—Same as आयुक्त. The word occurs in Kāmasūtra V. 5. 5 and Kāmandaka V. 82 (q. in nōte 73 above). Vide Omgudu grant of Vijayaskandavarman (E. I. XI at p. 250), Paharpur plate (E I XX p. 59 at p 61 in Gupta year 159), plate of Drouasimha in Valabhi year 183 (E.I. XI p. 17), grant of Dharasena II in Valabhi year 252 (in I. A. vol. 15 p. 187), the Maitraka plate in Gupta year 252 (E I XI p 83). आर्युध—( Prakrit आयुध)—occurs in Brahmagiri Rock Inscrip-tion of Aśoka ( in Corpus I. I. vol. I p 175) आसापाल—lit. guardian of quarterṣ Acc to Śukra I 192 he is a chief ruling over 10000 villages उपयुक्त—A subordinate officer Kauṭilya II 5 has that word The duties cannot be specified उपयुक्तक—Probably the same as ‘upayukta’. The word occurs in Karhad plates of Kṛṣṇa III dated śake 880 (E L IV p 278, at p 285 ), the Cambay plates of Govinda IV in śake 852 (in E. I. VII p 26 at p 40). उपरिक—A very high officer, somewhat like a Governor of a province. Vide Damodarpur plate of Kumāragupta I in the Gupta year 125 (i. e. 443-44 A. D ) where an uparika is said to have been selected by Emperor Kumāragupta to govern Pundravardhanabhukti and where the uparika is said to have appointed the kumarāmatya Vetravarman to govern the district (visaya) of Kotīvarsa (E. I. XV p 130). He is sometimes styled mahārāja and rājaputra. Vide also Gupta Inscriptions pp. 213, 216, the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapala (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), the Banskhera plate of Harsa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211) where uparika occurs after ‘kumarāmatya’ and before ‘visayapati’ Viśvarūpa on Yāj. I 307 quotes a prose passage from Bṛhaspati where the qualities requisite in an uparika are set out. Vide Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar Festschrift pp. 231-233 for note and Vogel p 123. एकराष्ट्र--The exact meaning is not certain; probably an officer belonging to a body organized in military fashion for collecting revenue or performing police dutieṣ The word occurs in Rājat V 249, VII. 1604. कटकेश or कटकराज or कटकाधीश--Superintendent of the royal camp Vide E I. VII at p. 185 (grant of Amma II who ruled from 945 to 970 A. D.). कट्टुक--Exact function not knowṇ The word occurs in two Taleśvara plates in E I XIII at p 117. Vide महाकट्टुक below. कम्पनाधिपति or कम्पनापति or कम्पनेश--Commander-in-chief Vide Rājat V. 447, VII 1362 and 1366. कम्पनीदुग्राहक--An officer connected with the army Vide Rājat. VIII 1430 करण—A clerk. The word occurs in the Irda plate of Kamboja king Narapāladeva in E. I. XXII p. 150 at p 155 (about 10th century A. D.). करण-कायस्थ—A scribe of legal documentṣ Occurs in Chamba Ins No 25 p. 187 at p. 194. Vide Vogel p 133 करणिक—Officer in charge of a State department or office. The word occurs in the Nalandā stone Ins of Yaśovarmadeva’s reign about 530 A. D. in E I. XX p 37 at p 44, in the Chatsu Inṣ of Guhilot Balāditya of about the 10th century in E. I XII p. 10 at p. 17, in a grant dated samvat 1203 of Govindacandra's son in E I. VIII p 158 (where we have ‘karanika-thakkura-śrīvivika), in E I XX Appendix p 52 No. 350 of samvat 1228 (about the donation of a karanika-brāhmaṇa-Chāhada) करणिन—Same as ‘karanika’. The word occurs in the Harsa-carita VII para 2 ( sakala-karaṇī-parikaraḥ ). कर्मसचिव—Executive minister. The word occurs in Rudradāman's Junagadh Ins of 150 A. D. in E I. vol. VIII p 36 Vide p 105 above कायस्थ—A scribe or writer in the revenue department of the king. The oldest references are probably those in Yaj I 322, Viṣṇu Dh. S. VII 3 and Br. Sam 86. 12. Vide Ašvaghaṣa- kāyastha above and grāmakāyastha in Rājāt. V. 175 and Indian Historical Quarterly, vol. IX p 12 (a grant of Gupta year 120 i. e. 439-40 A. D.) Vide H. of Dh, vol. II. pp. 75-77 for a note on Kāyastha.

कायस्थिक—Superintendent of all mines and State manufact-orieṣ Kauṭilya I. 12 mentions him among the 18 tīrthaṣ Kauṭilya II. 12 is headed ‘ākara-karmāntapravartanam’ i. e. ‘conducting mining operations and manufactories’.

कुमार—A prince younger than a Yuvarāja (the heir apparent). The word ‘Kumāla’ occurs in the first separate Rock Edict of Aśoka at Dhauli (Corpus I. I vol I pp. 93, 97). Vide also Corpus I. I. vol. II pp. 40 and 48 (Mathurā Lion Pillar capital).

कुमारामात्य—A high officer below a provincial Governor. Vide ‘uparika’ above. In the Allahabad praśasti of Samudra-gupta, Harisena is described as kumārāmātya and also sāndhivigrahaluka and mahādaṇḍanāyaka (Gupta Inṣ No. 1 at p. 16) Vide Gupta Inṣ No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216, the Banskhera plate of Harsa (E. I. IV p 208 at p. 211), E. I. X at p. 72 in the reign of Kumaragupta in Gupta year 117 (a brāhmaṇa is described as mantrin, kumārāmātya and mahā-balādhikṛta) Vide Dr. U. N Ghoshal's paper on ‘kumāra-mātya’ in the proceedings of the 6th All India Oriental Conference pp. 211 ff, p 117 above and Vogel p. 123.

कुलकरण—a hereditary clerk or officer. The word occurs in the Sūdi Inṣ of śake 981 in E I. XV p. 85 at p. 91.

कुलिक—An officer in charge of ten villages who was granted a ‘kula’ of land for his salary. Vide Manu VII. 119 and Kullūka thereoṇ In the Damodarpur plate of Gupta year 124 it is said that the head of the district was assisted by the nagara-śreṣthun, prathama-kulika and prathama-kāyastha (E. I. XV at p 130). In the Nālandā plate of Devapāładeva we read ‘Odra-mālava-khāsa-kulika-karṇāta-hūṇa-cāṭa-bha-ṭasevakādin’ (E. I. XVII at p. 321). Vide Chamba Inṣ No. 15 at p. 166. Vogel says that ‘Kulika’ is a tribe (pp. 126-127) Probably the passage means ‘officers in Orissa, Khāśa and Mālvā and the cātas and soldiers of Karṇāta and Hūṇa origin’. Kulika also means ‘an arbitrator as a tribunal’. Vide pp 280-282 above and Indian Historical Quarterly, vol. 19 p. 12 at p 14. Vide महापाशुपतिक III ] कोष्ठपाल—Officer in charge of a fort. The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p 304 at p 306) and in the Nālandā plate of Devapāladeva in E. I. XVII at p 321 where the word is read as koṭapāla क्षत् —Chamberlain Vide p 111 above He is one of the ‘ratnins’ According to Manu X. 16 and Yaj I. 94 the offspring of a kṣatriya woman from a śūdra male was called kṣattṛ and it is probable that such mixed offspring were employed as door-keepers or chamberlains क्षत्रप—A provincial chief. The word occurs in Corpus I.I. vol. II p XXXIV and pp 23, 28 (Taxila plate of Paṭika of the year 78) and in the plate of Vidagdha in ‘Antiquities of Chamba’, Ins No. 15 p. 164 at p. 166 Vogel says it must be read as ‘kṣetrapa’. Vide ‘mahākṣatrapa’ below. The word is probably a Sanskriticized form of Persian ‘satrap’. क्षेत्रप—The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at 306). क्षेत्रपाल—Occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāladeva (E. I. XVII at p 321) खण्डरक्ष—The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), in the {Nālandā plate of Deva-pāladeva (E. I. XVII at p 321) and in the Chamba Inscrip tion Nos 15 and 26 In ‘Antiquities of Chamba’ Ins No. 25 the form is ‘khadgarakṣa’. Vide Vogel pp 127–128. खण्डपाल—Occurs in the Kahla plate of Sodhadeva of samvat 1134 (E I VII p. 85 at p 91). The form खण्डपाल occurs in the Panchobh plate of संपामृत (JBORS. vol. V p 582 at p. 588). खोल—Occurs in the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapāladeva (E I vol IV p. 243 at p 250). The meaning is uncertain गजपति—Officer in charge of the elephant arm in an army. The word occurs in the plate of Jayacandra of Kanoj dated samvat 1225 in I. A. vol. 15 at p 7. गजपनि—Occurs in the Talesvara plate (6th to 8th centuries A. D.) in E I. XIII. p 109 at 115. उत्पल on बृहत्संहिता 52. 13 says ‘कोशवनं गजः’. गजब्र—(a Persian word for ‘treasurer’)—occurs in the Ins of Mahākṣatrapa Sodāsa found at Mathurā (in E I. IX p 247) Vide Rājat V. 177.

III ] IV p. 278 at p. 285), the Sanjan plates of Buddha-varasa (E. I XIV p 144 at p. 150), the grant of Karka Suvarnavarasa in śake 746 (E. I XXIV p. 77 at p. 84), Cambay plates of Govinda IV in śake 852 (E. I. VII pp. 26, 39 ) ग्रामकूट—Same as above. This form occurs in Kauthem plate of Vikramāditya V dated śake 930 (I. A. vol. 16 p. 15 at p. 24). ग्रामणी—Village headmaṇ Vide pp. 153-154 above for ancient references Pāṇini V. 2 78 has this worḍ ग्रामनेतृ—Same as above. Occurs in Śukra II. 120. ग्रामपति—Occurs in the Mit. on Yaj. II. 271. ग्रामभर्तृ—Occurs in Yaj. II 271. ग्रामाधिपति—Vide Kāmasūtra V. 5 5. ग्रामिक—Village headmaṇ Occurs in Manu VII. 116, Kaut. III. 10 and in Bhūmara stone Pillar Inṣ of Hastin and Śarvanātha in Gupta year 189 (Gupta Inscription No. 24 p. 112 ). घट्टपति—Officer in charge of quays or landing places (ghats), Occurs in Kahla plate of Sodhadeva in saṁvat 1134 (E. I VII. p. 85 at p. 91). For घट्टपाल vide JBORS vol. V pp. 582, 588. चाट—This word has given rise to various opinionṣ Fleet and Buhler translate as 'irregular soldiers'. Vogel (pp. 130-132) points out that Chamba is the only place where the ancient word 'cāṭa' is still extant in the modern form 'chat' meaning 'head of a parganā'. Grants of villages are often expressed as 'acāṭabhaṭapraveśya' (not to be entered by cāṭas and bhaṭas)'. For example, in the Surat plate of Maitraka Vyāghrasena (E. I. XI at p. 221) it is stated that the granted land was not to be entered by cāṭas and bhaṭas except for (seizing) robbers and those guilty of harm or treason to the king. Similar words occur in the Betul plates of Sańksobha in Gupta year 199 (acāṭabhaṭapraveśyam coradrohakavarjam) in E. I. VIII p. 287. The words occur also in the Khoh plate of Mahārāja Hastin in Gupta year 191 (Gupta Inṣ No. 23 p. 106). Yaj I 336 states that it is the duty of the king to protect people from the harassment caused by cāṭas, robbers and kāyasthas and the Mit explains 'cāta' as persons who deprive people of their wealth after producing false confidence in theṃ Three quarters of the same verse occur in the Pañcatantra I p. 72 verse 343 Aparārka (p. 792) quotes Bṛhaspati that 'dangers common to all are all those arising from cāṭas and thieves'. Prof. Pathak while editing the Abhona plates of Sankara-gana dated in Kalacuri saṁvat 347 in E. I. IX p. 296 quotes the words of Śaṅkarācārya (tārkika-cāṭa-bhaṭarājaprave-śyam ) in his Bhāṣya on Br Up. and Anandagiri’s explana-tion thereon viz. cāṭas are those that transgress the rules of conduct for decent people and bhaṭas are servants telling falsehoodṣ Vide the Valabhi grant of Dharasena II in 252 Gupta year (I. A. 15 p 187) and the Palitana plates of the same king and of the same year in E I XI. p. 80 at p. 83 and the Banskhera plate of Harsa ( E I. IV p 208, at p. 211 where we read ‘bhaṭacāṭa-sevakādin) for other early occurrences of the word In the Naihati grant of Ballala-sena we have the words ‘caṭṭabhaṭṭa-jātīyān janapadān’ (E I. XIV p. 156 at p. 160) चौरग्राह—Thief-catcher. The word occurs in Nārada (pariśiṣṭa verse 18) and in Kāt. q by Aparārka p. 844 चौररज्जुक—Probably an officer whose duty it was to secure robbers with ropeṣ Kaut. IV. 13 mentions this officer and II. 6 refers to ‘corarajjū’ as one constituent of ‘rāṣṭra’. चौरौद्धरणिक—Thief-catcher or one who exterminates thieves This word occurs in Gupta Ins No. 46 p 213 at p 216, the Valabhi grant of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 (I. A. 15 p 187) and the Palitana plate of the same king in the same year (E. I. XI p. 80 at p 83), the Rāṣṭrakūṭa grant of śake 697 (JBBRAS vol 16 p 105 at p 108), Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I A. 15 p 304 at p 306), the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (E. I XI p. 6 at p 9). चौरौद्धर्ते—Same as above The word occurs in Yāj. II. 271 and in Kātyāyana quoted by Aparārka p 844 छत्रायिक—Umbrella bearer This word occurs in 'Antiquities of Chamba', Inṣ No. 15 at p 166 Vide Vogel p 128 टक्कुर—It appears to have been a mere title and not an office whereby the holder was entitled to wield some kind of power in the State The word occurs in saṁvat 1005 (E I. XIX p. 243), in the plate of Govindacandra in saṁvat 1186 (in E. I. XIII p 295 at p 297), the Sevaḍi plate of Cāhamāna Ratnapāla in saṁvat 1176 (E. I. XI p 304 at p 310) It occurs as a title in Rājat. VII. 290, 706, 738 दण्डपति—A Judge (dharmādhikārin) Occurs in Rājat. VIII 2422. तन्त्रपाल—Seenas to mean some officer like “Charged” affaires”. The word occurs in a record at Sūdi in Ron Taluka of Calukya Someśvara I in śake 973 (E. I. V at p. 77) and in Partabgarh Inṣ of Pratīhāra king Mahendrapāla in saṁvat 1003 (in E. I. XIV p. 176 at p. 185), one Mādhava being styled ‘tantrapāla-mahāsāmanta-mahādaṇḍanāyaka’.

तरपति—Superintendent of all ferrieṣ Vide Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E I. XVII at p. 321 ) and Kahla plate of Sodha- deva in saṁvat 1134 (E. I. VII at p. 91). In the Nālandā plate ‘tarika’ and ‘tarapatika’ come immediately after one another and must be distinguished as to meaning.

तरिक—Probably means ‘one who plies a ferry boat’. Occurs in Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321), Bhagal- pur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 ).

तलार or तलक्ष—Meaning uncertaiṇ The word occurs in the Inṣ of Samarasimha of Mewar in saṁvat 1330 (E. I. vol. XX. Appendix No. 579 p. 82). In Punjab a subdivision of high class kshatriya is called Tālwar.

तलाबाटक—Meaning not apparent. Bhagavanlal suggested that it is the same as modern ‘Talāti’ (petty revenue officer). It occurs in the Deo-Baranark Inṣ of Jīvitagupta (Gupta Inṣ No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216 ).

दण्डनाथ—Commander of an army. In E. I. vol. V. p. 28 at p. 31 mention is made of a Dandanātha Sahadeva under the Yādava king Jaitugi or Jaitapāla (about 1200 A. D. ).

दण्डनायक—Various meanings are assigned by several scholarṣ Stein on Rājat. VII. 951 takes it to mean ‘prefect of police’. In many cases it appears to mean a ‘General or Magistrate’. In E. L VII, Appendix No. 291, 292 and 296 Inṣ of the years 1178 to 1181 A. D. there is one Keśimayya styled ‘dandanāyaka’ lower in rank than mahāmaṇḍaleśvara. Vide also Ins of Jayakeśi Kadamba of 1125 A. D. in E. I. XIII p 298 and p. 317 (Dandanāyaka Lakkharasa), JBBRAS XII p. 11 in śake 1145 (Dandanāyaka Purusottama of Yādava Singhana), the Abhir Inṣ In E. I. V p. 234 where one Mahā- devarasa is styled mahāsāmantādhipati and daṇḍanāyaka and his subordinate Māyideva is also called ‘daṇḍanāyaka’ (about 1153 A. D.), in several Kalacurya Inscriptions (E. I. V p. 24 at p. 28, E I. V. p. 213 at p. 215). Lakanna and Madanna were daṇḍanāyakas of Devarāya II of Vijaya- nagara (about 1388 śaka ) in E. I. XV at p. 15. Vide p. 115 and ṇ 152 above. E I XIX p 265 at p. 269 (grant of Dharmarāja ) reads ‘dandanāyaka’. In Br. Saṃ 72. 4 the queen, yuvarāja, senāpati and dandanāyaka are placed on the same level in the matter of the staff (danda) to be prepared for theṃ दण्डपति—Commander of forces or a governor. Vide Abu Vimala temple Inṣ dated samvat 1378 in E. I. IX pp. 148, 156. दण्डपाल—An officer in charge of all branches of the army. Vide Kaut. I. 12 and p. 112 ṇ 147 above. दण्डपाशिक—Officer in charge of punishment i. e. criminal justice. The word occurs in the Palitana plates of Dharasena II dated in Gupta year 252 (E. I. XI p 83), in the Valabhi grant of the same king in the same year (I. A. 15 p. 187), in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 which reads ‘dandapāśika’) and Laksmanasena's grant (E. I. XII at p. 9) also in Yaśastilaka I. p. 50. दण्डवासिक—(a prākṛit form of dandapāśika). Occurs in Chamba Inṣ No. 15 at p. 166. Vide Vogel p. 129. दण्डशक्ति—Meaning uncertaiṇ The word occurs in Khalimpur plate of Dharmapāla in E. I. vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250. दण्डाधिनाथ—Same as dandapāla. The word occurs in the Chittur plates of Kullottunga Codadeva (I. A. 14 p. 55 in śaka 1056), दण्डाधिप—Same as above. The word occurs in a quotation in the coṃ on Yaśastilaka I. p. 91 and the Abu Vimala temple Inṣ dated samvat 1378 in E. I. IX p. 148 at p. 151. Vide note 148 above for quotatioṇ दण्डिक—Same as ‘dandavāsika’. Vide Chamba Inṣ No. 15 at p. 166. दण्डेश—Same as दण्डनाथ. In J. B. B. R. A. S. vol. 15 p. 386 (of śake 1160 ) there is a commander (dandeśa) Bicirāya under Yādava king Singhana. दण्डपाशिक—Same as ‘dandapāśika’. This word occurs in the Pañcatantra II, Kathā 4 (as dandapāśaka meaning a watch-man), in the grant of Mahābhavagupta I (E. I. XI at p. 94), in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321 ), in E. I. XIX p. 265 at p. 269. Vide Vogel p. 129. दण्डभोगिक—Probably the same as दण्डपाशिक. The word occurs in the Wala plate of Guhasena in Valabhi year 246 (E. I. XIII at p 339). दण्डिक—A police officer. The word occurs in the Gupta Inṣ No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216, in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A 15 p 304 at p. 306), in the Nālanda plate of Devapāla ( E. I. XVII at p. 321). In this last ‘dandika’ and ‘dandapasika’ come immediately after one another. दाण्डिक –Appears to be the same as ‘dūtaka’. The word occurs in the grant of Paramāra king Siyakadeva dated samvat 1026 (in E. I. XIX p. 177) and in E. I. XIX at p. 243 (dated samvat 1005). दाशपराधक –meaning doubtful. Probably an officer whose concern was with the ten aparādhas of which the king could take cognisance suo motu. The word occurs in the Nālankdā plate of Devapāla (E I. XVII at p. 321) and in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306). Vide p. 264 above for the ten aparādhaṣ दिग्वपाल –Probably officers in charge of the borders of a kingdoṃ The word occurs in Nārada (Dr. Jolly’s edition, parisiśta verse 17) q. by the Mit. on Yāj. II 271 and Kat. (813) q. by Aparārka p. 844. दिविर –a clerk. The Rājat. VIII. 131 makes it clear that ‘divira’ was distinct from the ‘kāyastha’. The word occurs in the Gupta Inṣ No. 27 at p. 122 of Mahārāja Jayanātha in Gupta year 177 (where one of the donees is a divira Sarvavādha ). दिविरपति (or दिविरपति)—chief of clerkṣ In the grant of Sīlāditya of the Gupta year 286 a certain officer is styled ‘sandhivigrahā-dhikṛta-divirapati’ ( E. I. XI p. 174 at p. 180 ); vide also Jesar plate of Sīlāditya in 357 Valabhi year (E. I. XXII p. 114 at p. 117) where a person called Mammaka is styled ‘divirapati’ and also sandhivigraha-mahāpratīhāra and sāmanṭa'. दुःसाधसाधनिक —Vide दौःसाधसाधनिक below. दुर्गपाल—Superintendent of a fort. Vide p. 112 note 147 above. दृह्याधक —meaning uncertaiṇ The word occurs in the Kahla plate of Sodhadeva of samvat 1134 (E. I. VII at p 91). दूत —Messenger, envoy. Vide Visnudharmottara II 24. 13–14, 28 for his qualifications and pp. 112, 127 above. In the 13th Rock Edit of Ašoka at Shahabazgādhi we have ‘duta’ (vide Corpus I. I. vol. I p. 67). दूतक—A high officer or delegate who conveys the king’s command about the grant of land to local officers The word occurs in the Betul plate of Saiñksobha in 199 Gupta year (Gupta Inṣ pp. 286–289), and in the plate of Mahārāja Jayanātha of Gupta year 174 (Gupta Inṣ No 26 p. 117 at p. 119 where the ‘dûtaka’ is Uparadikșita Sarvadatta), in the Banskhera plate of Harsa in E. I. IV p. 208 (dûtakotra mahāpramātara-mahāsarhanta-sri-Skandagupta ) and also in the Madhuban plate of Harsa (E I, VII at p. 158). In the Daulatpur plate of Bhojadeva I in Harsa samvat 100 the dûtaka is said to be ‘Yuvarāja-Nāgabhata’. Vide also E. I. VI p 285, E. I. VIII 287, XI p 80 In the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapāla (in E. I. vol. IV p. 243 at p 250) the king states that he was requested to make a grant by Mahā- sāmāntādhipati Nārāyanavarman through the Prince Tri- bhuvanpāla as dûtaka. दूतप्रेषक—Meaning doubtful. The word occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E I. XVII at p. 321) and the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 ) देशाधिकृत—(Prâkit ‘desâdhikata’)—Governor of a Province The Prakrit form occurs in the Inṣ of Pallava Sivaskandavar- man in the year 8 (E I vol. I. at p. 5 ). दी:साधसाधनिक—Meaning doubtful. Probably means ‘those who catch dangerous robbers whom it is difficult to secure’. The word occurs in the Banskhera plate of Harsa (E I. IV p. 208 at p 211 ). The form ‘duhšādha-sādhanika’ occurs in the Sevadi plates of Cāhamāna Ratnapāla in samvat 1176 (E I. XI at p. 310). Vide also E I. XXVI at p. 206 and ‘mahāsādhanika’ below. दौ:साधिक—Probably the same as above. The word occurs in the grant of Laksmanasena in the 3rd year of his reign (i. e. 1122 A. D. ) in E. I. XII at p. 9. दौवारिक—Doorkeeper. Vide Kauṭilya I. 12, Lalitavistara p. 136, Visnudharmottara II. 24, 30. द्राङ्गिक—Officer in charge of a city station or watch tower for collecting customs dutieṣ ‘Dranga’ means either ‘a town’ (as in E. I. XX, No. 810 of śake 1509) or ‘a watch station’ (as in Rajat. VIII. 2010). The word occurs in Valabhī plate of Dharasena II in Valabhī samvat 252 (I. A. 15 p 187), Gupta Inṣ No. 38 at p. 169, Palitana plate of Simhāditya in 255 Valabhī year (E. I. XI p. 16 at p. 18), Bhavanagar plate of Dhruvasena I in Valabhī year 210 (E. I. XV p. 257), Wala plate of Guhasena (E. I. XIII at p. 339), the Navalakhi plate of Šilāditya (E. I. XI at p. 179). क्षेत्रज्ञ—Guardian of frontierṣ Vide Stein’s translation of Rajat. vol II pp. 291-292 for the meaning of ‘dranga’. द्वारपाल, द्वाराधिप, द्वाराध्यक्ष—Superintendent of passes leading into the kingdom (Stein). Vide Rājat. V. 214. धर्ममहामात्र—Superintendent of morality. Vide Aśoka’s Edicts in Corpus I. I. vol. I p. 96 (first Rock edict at Girnar ). धर्माधिकरण—Judge. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 24–25. धर्माधिकरणिन्—Judge. Vide Matsyapurāṇa 215. 24 and note 167 above. धर्माध्यक्ष—Vide p. 126 above. ध्रुव—Collector of the royal share of graiṇ The word occurs in the Bhinmal Inṣ of samvat 1320 (Bombay Gazetteer, vol. I part 1 p. 477). ध्रुवाधिकरणिक—Probably the same as above. The word occurs in Gupta Inṣ No. 38 pp. 164–166 (Maliya plate of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252), the Wala plate of Guhasena (E. I. VII at p. 339 of Valabhī year 246). नगरपति—City Prefect. The word occurs in the Silāra grant of śaka 1016 (I. A. vol. 9 p. 33 at p. 35). नगरव्यावहारिक—City Magistrate. Vide Kauṭilya I. 12 for Paura- vyāvahārika and note 147 on p. 112 above. The word ‘Nagalaviyohālaka’ occurs in the First separate Rock Edict of Aśoka at Dhauli (Corpus I. I. vol. I. p. 92). नगरश्रेष्ठिन्—City Banker or guild president of the towṇ The word occurs in the Damodarpur plate No. 4 of the time of Budha- gupta (E. I. XV at p. 115 ) and in the Paharpur plate (E. I. XX at p. 63). नगराधिकृत or नगराधिप—City prefect. Occurs in Rājat. IV. 81, VI. 70, VIII. 3334 नरपति—Exact function doubtful. The word occurs in the plate of Jayacandra of Kanoj in samvat 1225 (I. A. vol. 15 p. 6 at p. 7 ) and in the Panchobh plate of Saṅgrāmagupta in JBORS. vol. V p. 582 at p. 588. नागरक—Chief Officer of the city. The word occurs in Kauṭilya II. 36, Kāmasūtra V. 5. 9 (the coṃ on which explains nāgaraka as daṇḍapāśika). Vide p. 149 above for his functionṣ नागरिक—Chief of the police. The word occurs in the Vikramor- vaśīya V (after verse 4), the Daśakumāracarita II pp. 58 and 59. The Vaijayantī explains the word as ‘karapati, (Jail Superintendent). नायक—Head of (ten) villageṣ The word occurs in Kauṭilya I 12, Śukra I 192. नियुक्तक—An officer, whose exact function is not knowṇ The word occurs in the grant of Karka dated śaka 746 (E. I. XXIV p. 77 at p 84), in the Kauthem plate of Vikramāditya V dated śake 930 (I. A. vol. 16 p 15 at p 24), in the Rajor Inṣ of Mathanadeva dated samvat 1016 (E. I. III p. 263 at p 266). निहेलपति—Governor of some part of a kingdoṃ In Chamba Inṣ No 15 p 164 at p 166 we read in Vidagdha's plate ‘Visaya-pati-nihelapati-kṣatrapa’. Vide Vogel p. 124 In Gupta Inṣ No. 80 p. 286 at p. 289 the ‘dūta’ of the grant is ‘nihila-pati’ Kuśala-prakāśa. So ‘nihila’ and ‘nihela’ probably mean the same thing. नैमित्तिक—Probably ‘soothsayer or astrologer’. The word occurs in the plate of Candradeva of Kanoj of samvat 1148 (E. I. IX p. 302 at p 305). पञ्चकुल—An officer over a certain number of villageṣ The word occurs in the grant of Arjunadeva of Anahillapāṭaka in Vikrama year 1320 (I. A. vol. 11 at p. 242, where we read ‘Śrī-Abhayaśihaprabhṛti-pañcakulapratipattau’), in the Bhinmal Inṣ No. 12 dated samvat 1333 (Bombay Gazetteer Vol. I part 1 p 480) where we read ‘tan-niyukta-mahā-Gajasihaprabhṛti-pañcakula-pratipattau’). In E. I. XXIV at p. 89 (in an Inṣ from Udaipur) we have a Pañcoli of the Gughāvaṭa family. Here, it appears that ‘pañcakula’ was a board of officers of whom Gajasimha was one (or the chief). Vide महापाङ्‌कुलिक below. पञ्चमण्डली—A board of five officers or a panchayat. The word occurs in the Sanchi Stone Inṣ of Candragupta II in Gupta year 93 (vide Gupta Inṣ No. 5 at p. 31). पट्टकिल—Village headman The word occurs in the Malva plates of Vākpatirāja in samvat 1031 and 1078 (I. A. vol. 6 at pp. 51 and 53), in the Māndhāṭā plate of Jayasimha of Dhārā in samvat 1112 (E. I. vol. III p. 46 at p. 48), in the plate of the Paramāra king Udayavarman of samvat 1256 (I. A. vol. 16 p. 252 at p. 254). Vide p. 154 above for other referenceṣ पट्टोपाध्याय—Recorder of official documentṣ Vide Rājat. V, 397. पण्डित—Vide note 150 above. पिश्नवेत्रिक—probably means 'an officer who drives away undesirable persons with a cane'. The word occurs in the plate of Mahābhāvagupta I (E I. XI p 93 at p 94 ). पीठिकावसि—Meaning uncertain The word occurs in the Belava plate of Bhojavarmadeva (E I. XII p 37 at p. 40 ). पुल्ब—means 'inferior servant' (as in Kauṭilya II. 5 ) or a bailiff attached to a Court of justice (as in Br.). Vide p. 278 above. पुरोहित—Vide pp. 111-112 and 117 above. The purohita occurs in the list of functionaries in the Candrāvati plate of Candradeva of Kaṇoj in saṁvat 1148 (E I. IX at p. 305 ) and in the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (E I. XII p 6 at p 9 ). पुस्तपाल—Keeper of land records The word occurs in the Damodarpur plates dated Gupta year 124 and 129 (E I XV p. 113, at p. 130 ) and in the Paharpur plates (E. I. vol XX. p. 61 ). पारम्यावहारिक—Vide p. 112 note 147 above. Compare ‘nagala-viyōhālaka’ above under ‘nagara-vyavahārika’. प्रतिनर्तक—Herald This word occurs in Gupta Ins No. 39 p 171 at p. 190 dated 766-67 A. D (The words are ‘tan-niyukta-pratinartaka-kulaputramātya-Guhena’). प्रतिनिधि—Vide note 150 above. प्रतिहार—Chamberlain or ‘inditer of grants’. In Nasik Inṣ No. 5 the word patihāra (pratihāra) occurs (E I VIII p. 73). Bṛhaspati quoted by Viśvarūpa on Yāj. I. 307 states the qualifications of a ‘pratihāra’. Vide Ādiparva 85, 28-29, Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 12, Śukra I. 121 for definitionṣ In the grant of Dhruvasena dated Valabhī year 206 the dūtaka of the grant is pratihāra Mammaka. प्रतिहार—Same as above. The form occurs in the Vasantagadh Inṣ of Varmalāta (E I IX p 187 at p 192 ), in the Candrāvati plate of Candradeva of Kaṇoj in saṁvat 1148 (E L IX at p 305 ); in E I X p 117 at p. 119 Paramāra king Jayavarma II causes pratihāra Gangadeva to give a village to three brāhmaṇas (in saṁvat 1317 ). प्रथमकायस्थ—Chief scribe The word occurs in the Damodarpur plate 1 of Kumāragupta in Gupta year 124 (E. L XV at p 130 ). प्रदेष्टृ—Police Magistrate. Vide Kauṭilya I. 12, IV. 1, IV. 10 (last verse). The word occurs in the Irda plate of the Kamboja king Nayapāladeva (of about the 10th century) in E. I. XXII, pp. 150 at p. 156. प्रघान् – Vide note 150 above. The word occurs in the Śilāra plate of Mahāmaṇḍaleśvara Anantadeva (I. A. 9 p. 33 at p. 35 where ‘mantrin’, ‘amātya’ and ‘pradhāna’ are mentioned) प्रमातार—Vogel (pp. 122–123) holds that this officer was concerned with the administration of justice. The word occurs in the Baṇskhera plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211). प्रमातृ—Probably ‘civil judge’. The word occurs in the Nālanda plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321) and in the grant of Dhruvasena III in the Gupta year 334 (E. I. vol. 1 p. 85 at p. 88). Vide also E I vol. I at p. 115 प्रवेशभागिक—Meaning doubtful. Stein conjectures that he is a subordinate officer of the treasury who received cash paymentṣ The word occurs in Rājat. VIII. 278. प्रशास्तृ—Probably chief magistrate. The word occurs in Kauṭ. I 12; vide p. 112 ṇ 147 above. प्राणाचार्य—Medical adviser to the king. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 33–34 for his qualificationṣ प्राड्विवाक—Chief Justice. Vide Manu IX. 234 and p. 272 above. प्रतिसारक—Meaning doubtful. The word occurs in the Valabhī grant of Dhārasena II dated Gupta year 252 (I. A. 15 p. 187) प्रादेशिक-(प्रादेशिक)—An officer under Aśoka, probably the same as the mahāmātra. The word occurs in the 3rd Rock Edict of Aśoka at Girnar (Corpus I. I. vol. I. pp. 4-5). प्रान्तपाल—Governor of a Province or guardian of the frontierṣ The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. vol. 15 p. 304, at p. 306) and in ‘Antiquities of Chamba’ Inṣ No. 15 at p. 166. Vide Vogel p. 124. प्रायोपवेशिक—Officer who watched those that had resolved to fast unto death. Vide Rājat. VI. 14. बलाधिकृत—Commander of an army. The word occurs in the Kādambarī (para 74) of Bāṇa (where Balāhaka is so called) and in the Rāṣṭrakūṭa (Gujerat branch) grant of Śaka 679 (J. B. B. R. A. S vol. 16 p. 105 at p. 108 where ‘balādhikṛta’ follows ‘senāpati’). बाह्य—A class of royal servants (as distinguished from ‘anta- raṅga’. Vide Rājat. VIII 426, 680, 1542. ब्रुद्धुपरिक—Great Governor of a province. The word occurs in the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9). See 'uparikā' above. भट—The word occurs very frequently in conjunction with 'cāṭa' for which see above. Vide also Dudia plates of Pravarasena II in E I III p. 258 at p. 261 and Banskhere plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211), grant of Śivaskandavarman (E. I. vol. I. p. 2 at p 5) where 'bhada' stands for 'bhata'. भागदुघ—Vide p 112 above. भागहार—He who recovers the king's share of the produce of land; one of the six officers of each village, acc. to Sukra II. 120 सांषिक—Meaning uncertaiṇ The word has something to do with 'bhāga' and 'bhoga' which frequently occur in the Gupta Inscriptions (e g 'bhogabhāgam' in Gupta Inṣ No. 40 at p. 194 and No. 41 at p. 198). Vide two Taleśvara plates (E. I XIII, p 109 at p 115) and 'Antiquities of Chamba' (Ins No. 15 p 166) where both 'bhāgika' and 'bhogika' are founḍ Mr. Y. R. Gupte renders it as 'owner of land'. Vide Vogel p. 130. भाण्डागाराध्यक्ष—The chief of the royal store-house or treasury. The word occurs in the Ambarnath Inṣ of Mamvāni in sake 782 (J B B R A S. vol. 9 p. 219). भाण्डागारिक—A storekeeper or keeper of royal treasury The word occurs as 'bhaṇḍakārikaya' ('bhāṇḍāgārikasya', of a store-keeper) in Nasik Ins No. 19 (E I VIII p 91) and in the Candravaṭī plate of Candradeva of Kanoj dated śamvat 1148 (E. I IX p. 302 at p. 305). भिषक्—King's medical adviser Vide E. I IX p. 302 at p. 305. भोगपति—Head of a district It occurs in the mitākṣarā on Yaj. I. 320, in E I. IX p 296 at p 298 plates of Śankaragaṇa where we read 'anyairvāgāminṛpati-bhogapatibhiḥ', as contrasted with a king and in ‘Antiquities of Chamba’ Inṣ No 45 at p. 166 भोगिक—Head of a district or Collector of the State share of land produce taken in kind (Bombay Gazetteer I part 1 p 82) The word occurs in Gupta Ins No. 21 p 93 at p 96 and No 22 p 100 at p 104 (of the Gupta year 163), No 23 p. 106 at p 108 (of the Gupta year 191), in the Kavi grant of Jayabhatta about the beginning of 5th century A. D. (I. A. vol. V at p 114), in the Taleśvara plates (E. I. XIII p 109 at p. 117)

भोगोदराः—The same as ‘bhogika’ above भोजक—A village headman or ‘freeholder’ (Buhler). The word occurs in the Deo Baranark Inṣ of Jivitagupta II (Gupta Inṣ No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216) and in the grant of Pallava Sivaskandavarman (E. I. vol I p 2 at p 5)

मण्डलेश—‘Lord of a mandala’, a provincial governor Vide Rajat VI. 73, VII. 996, VIII. 1228, 1814, 2029.

मण्डलेश्वर—Same meaning as above. The word occurs frequently in the inscriptions of the Rattas of Saundatti. Vide Bombay Gazetteer, vol. 21 p 354 and ‘mahāmāṇḍaleśvara’ below

मतिसचिव—Councillor. The word occurs in the Inscription of Rudradāmaṇ Vide p 105 above.

मन्त्रिन्—Minister or councillor. The word occurs in Kaut I. 8, Yaj. I 312 and in Candrāvati plate of Candradeva of Kanoj dated samvat 1148 (E. I. IX p. 302 at p. 305). Vide pp. 105–106 and ṇ 150 above.

महत्तक—Meaning uncertaiṇ The word occurs as Mahāmahattaka in the Bodh Gayā Ins dated in the 74th year of the Laks- mana-sena era (i. e. about 1194 A. D.) in E. I. XII p 27 at p. 30.

महत्तम—Meaning uncertaiṇ The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A. vol. 15 at p. 306) and the Rajor grant of Mathanadeva in samvat 1016 (E. I. III p 263 at p 266 where both ‘mahattara’ and ‘mahattama’ occur one after another) and in Rājat VII 438.

महत्तर—lit meaning ‘elder’ (of a town or village ). Stein on Rājat VII. 659 translates it as ‘chamberlain’. The word occurs in the Kavi plate of Jayabhatta of the beginning of the 5th century A. D. (I. A. vol. V p 114, ‘rāṣṭragrāma- mahattara’), Gupta Inṣ No 38 p 164 at p. 169 (the Maliya plate of Dharasena II), Abhona plates of Śankaragana (595 A. D.) in E. I. IX p. 297, Palitana plates of Simhāditya in the Gupta year 255 (E. I. XI pp. 16, 18), Valabhi grant of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 (I. A. 15 p. 187). Vide also E. I. VIII p 26 at p. 39 (śake 852), E. I. IV p 278, 285 (śake 880), E. I. III p. 263, 266 (Vikrama year 1016), I. A. vol. 16 p. 15 at p. 24 (śake 930 ) In the Daśakumāra-carita III p 77 there is ‘janapada-mahattara’. Vide note 148 above. महाकरणिक—Vide ‘karanika’ above. The word occurs in the Benares plate of Cedi king Karnadeva in Cedi era 793 (i.e. 1042 A. D.) in E. I vol II p. 297 at p. 309. महाकृतकृतिक or महाकार्ताकृतिक—Meaning uncertaiṇ The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A. vol. 15 p. 304 at p. 306) and in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p 321) and the Wala grant of Dhruvasena I in Gupta year 216 (I A vol 4 p. 105). महाकुमारामात्य—Vide ‘Kumārāmātya’ above. The word occurs in the same two plates as are mentioned under ‘mahākartā- kṛtika’. महाक्षप—The great satrap or provincial Governor. The Mathurā Lion Pillar capital (Corpus I. I. vol. II p. 30 at p. 48) and the coins of Rajula are the earliest to mention this worḍ Vide the Mathurā stone Inṣ of Soṇḍāsa (E. I. IX p. 247) and Rudradāman’s Inṣ (E. I. VIII p. 36 at p. 44). महाक्षपटलिक—Vide ‘aksapatatika’ above. The word occurs in Gupta Ins No 39 at p 120 (in 766 A. D), in the Bhagalpur plate (I. A. 15 pp 304, 316), Benares plate of Karnadeva (A. D. 1042) in E. I. vol II p. 309, in Lakṣmanasena’s grant (E. I. XII p 91), E. I. X at p. 100 (Vikrama year 1253). In the Madhuban plate of Harṣa (E. I. VII p. 155 at p. 158) we have ‘mahākṣapatalādhikaranādhikṛta’. महागणस्थ—meaning uncertaiṇ The word occurs in the Naihati grant of Ballālasena (E. I. vol XIV p. 156 at p. 160). महातल्वर्—The functions of this high officer are not clear. See the Nagarjunikonda Inṣ in E. I. XX at pp 6 and 16 where a person is styled mahāsenāpati and mahātala vara. Has the word anything to do with the modern word ‘talvar’ meaning a sword? If it has then it would mean ‘a great swordsman’ The word ‘taravārī’ in the sense of a double- edged sword occurs in the Yasastilaka I. p 50. महादण्डनायक—Vide ‘dandanāyaka’ above and p. 115 note 152. In the Gupta Ins No. 1 pp 10, 15 Harisena, the author of the praśasti, is styled sāndhivigrahika, kumārāmātya and mahā- dandanāyaka; vide also Gupta Ins No 46 pp. 213, 216, Mathurā (Kusana) Ins of the year 74 (E. I. IX p. 242 ), E. I. XVI p. 230 the Kankhera stone Inṣ of the year 201 (279 A D ?) where we read mahādandanāyakena śakena śrīdharavarmanā’, in Nāgarjunikoṇḍa Ins (3rd century A D) in E I. XX at p 7; in the Wala grant of the Valabhī king Dhruvasena I in the Gupta year 216 there are five titles applied to Dhruvasena of which mahādaṇḍanāyaka is one (I. A. vol 4 p 105), the other four being mahāsāmanta, mahāpratīhāra, mahākartākṛtika and mahārāja

महादानपति—The great lord of gifts The word, occurs probably as a title only in the Taxila plate of Patika of the year 78 ( Corpus I I. vol. II p. 23 at p 28 )

महादानिक—Officer superintending the great gifts of the king called mahādānas For mahādānas vide H of Dh. vol II pp 869-870 The word occurs in the Kahla plate of Sodha-deva (E I. vol. VII at p. 91).

महादेवी—The first wife of a king. The mahādevī or mahārājñī often heads the list of persons to whom royal grants are addressed Vide Karnadeva's plate dated in 1077 A. D. (E. I XI. at p 141)

महादौःसाधसाधनिक—Vide 'dauhsādhasādhanika' above The word occurs in Nārāyaṇapāla's plate (I. A. 15 p 304 at p. 306) and Devapāla's Nālandā plate (E I XVII p 310 at p 321).

महाधर्मीधिकरणिक—The chief justice. The word occurs in the Benares plate of Karnadeva in A D. 1042 (E. I. II p 309) and also in his Goharwa plate (E I XI p 139 at p 141)

महाधर्माध्यक्ष—Vide 'dharmādhyakṣa' above. ‘The word occurs in Lakṣmanasena's grant (E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9)

महापाछकुलिक—Vide पञ्चकुल above The word occurs in Sangrāma-gupta's Panchobh plate ( JBORS vol. V p 582 at p 588)

महापीलुपति—The great superintendent of elephants Mahāpīlu-pati Pāśupata was the dūtaka of the Abhoṇa plates of Kataccuri Śankaragaṇa in Kataccuri samvat 347 (i. e 595-6 A D ) in E I IX p 296 at p. 298 The word also occurs in Lakṣmanasena's grant (E I. XII p 6 at p 9).

महाप्रतीहार—Superior officer above all doorkeepers, great chamberlain The word occurs in the Kādambarī of Bāṇa para 97, in the Rājat IV. 142. It occurs in the plates of Sāṁgamasimha (541 A D.) in E. I. X p 72 at p. 75, in the Jesar plate of Śīlāditya in 357 Valabhī year (E I. XXII p. 117), in Gupta Ins No. 46 pp 213, 216, Benares plate of Karnadeva in 1042 A. D. (E. I vol II p 309). III ] महाप्रधान - Great Minister (or Prime Minister). A mahāpradhāna and dandanāyaka Brahmadeva is found in an ins of Kalacurya Sankama's time in 1178 A. D. (E. I V p 26 at p. 28) Vide also E. I XV p 32 at p. 36, I A. vol. 9 p 33 at p. 35 (where a mahāpradhāna Mahādevaiya under mahāmaṇḍaleśvara Anantadeva is mentioned in śake 1016.) महाप्रभु —Governor. Vide Ehūra record of 1173 A. D. (E. I XII at p 335 ) महाप्रमातार ( महाप्रमातार )—Vide the Godharva plate of Karnadeva dated 1047 A. D. (E. I XI p 141 ). महाप्रमातार—see प्रमातार above The word occurs in the Banskhēra plate of Harsa (E I IV p. 208) and Benares plate of Karnadeva (1042 A. D.) in E. I. vol. II p 297 at p. 309. महाबलाधिकृत —Great commander. Vide Gupta Inṣ No 23 at p. 109 in 191 Gupta year, the same person being also the dūtaka of the grant; E. I. X at p 72 (valabhi samvat 117 in Kumārāgupta's reign). E. I VI p. 294 at p. 299 (609-610 A. D.), E. I XI at p 83 (Maitraka grant of Gupta year 252), E. I XII p. 30 at p. 35. महाभाण्डागारिक —Vide Bhāṇḍāgārika above. The word occurs in Karnadeva's Benares plate (in 1042 A. D.) in E. I vol II p. 39 and in his other plate in E. I XI p. 141 (in 1047 A. D.). For the Mahābhanḍāgāra office, vide Rājat 'IV 142. महाभोगिक —Vide भोगिक above. Vide Lakshmanasena's grant in E. I. XII p 6 at p. 9. महामण्डलैश्र्वर —Same as mahāmaṇḍaleśvara The word occurs in the Waghli ins of Seuna dated śake 991 (E I. II at p 227 ) महामण्डलीक —Same as the next. Occurs in Śīlāra plate of Anantadeva in śake 1016 (I. A. vol. 9 p 33 at p 35). महामण्डलेश्र्वर —Lord of a great territory. This title is borne by many of the Rattas of Saundatti (vide Bombay Gazetteer vol. 21 p 354 for Belgaum), by Śilāhāra chiefs of the Konkan, by the Kadambas of Hangal and other cities and several other chiefs throughout central and south India Vide E I. XIII at p 16 (for Rattas of Saundatti, 1204 A.D), E. I XIII p 299 (for Kadamba Jayakeśī II being so called in A. D 1125 ), E I V p. 234 at p 236 and p 238, E I. XII p 250 (for Bhandup plates of Śilāhāra Chittarājadeva in 1026 A. D ), J B B R A S vol. 9 p 219 (Ambarnath Ins dated śake 782 ), I. A. vol 12 p 119 (Bassein plates of Yādava Seunacandra II, śake 991), I A. vol 11 p. 9 for Kākatiya Mahā-Rudradeva in śake 1084, E. I VIII p. 205 for the Vāghela chiefs Lavanaprasāda and Vīradhavala being called Mahā-), E I XIV pp. 265-66 (Sinda chief Rācamalla II of Kurgod in śake 1095 and 1103), E. I. XIX p 75 at p. 80 (Haihaya king Pṛthvīdeva I is styled Mahā- though he ruled over 20000 villages of Mahākosala. महामन्त्रिन्—'Great Minister or councillor'. Occurs in the Benares plate of Ceḍi king Karṇadeva (E. I. vol II p 309 in 1042 A. D.) and his Gohārwa plate dated -1047 A D. (E I XI p 141) महामहत्तक—Vide mahattaka above. The word occurs in the Bodh Gayā Inṣ dated in Lakṣmaṇasena year 74 (E I. XII p. 27 at p. 30 ). महामहत्तर—Vide mahāttara above The word occurs in the Purle plate of Gaṅga year 149 (E. I. XIV p. 362, where we read ājnā mahāmahāttara-Śivāśarmā महामण्डलक—Occurs in the Kahla plate of Sodhadeva in śaṁvat 1134 (E I. VII p. 85 at p. 91 ) महामात्य—'Great or Prime Minister'. Vide note 148 above and Vogel p 122. Occurs in Ambarnath Ins of śake 782 (J B B R A S, vol. 9 p 219 ), Bhadana plates of Śīlāra Aparājita in śake 919 (E. I. III p 267 at p. 290 ), plate of Karṇadeva in 1042 A. D. (E. I. vol. II p 309 ), I. A. vol. 11 p 242 in Vikrama year 1320 equal to Valabhī year 945 where mahāmātyārānaka-Māladeva is said to have done all the business of the seal of Veraval Ins of Arjuṇavarmadeva of Anahillapāṭaka and where a Mahomedan donor from Hurmuz grants some income to a masjid built by him, Mussul- man congregations of Somanātha being appointed trusteeṣ महामात्र—'High Officer Vide Kauṭilya I 12, V 1 &c and Kāma- sūtra V. 5 17, 33 and 35 The word occurs frequently in the Aśoka inscriptions e g the two separate Rock Edicts at Dhauli are addressed to the Mahāmātras of Tosali (Corpus I. I. vol. I pp 92, 95, 97, 99 and 175 ). In the Sohāgpur plate (of about 300 B. C ) also the ‘Mahāmātas’ of ‘Sāvasti are mentioned (E I XXII p 1) In Nasik Ins No. 22 in E I VIII p 93 (about 1st Century B. C) the word ‘mahāmatena’ is interpreted as mahāmātyena in Bombay Gazetteer vol 16 p 592, but it is better to take it as mahāmātreṇa. Manu employs the word mahāmātrāh (in IX. 259, which Medhātithi explains as 'mantrins, purohita and others', while Kullūka explains it as meaning those whose profession is to tame elephants) महामुद्राधिकृत—Officer in charge of the Royal seal. Occurs in the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena in E. I. XII p 6 at p. 9. महाराज—‘King or feudatory’. This is not an official under a king, but in some inscriptions an emperor addresses his order as to a grant of land to ‘mahārāja mahārājñī-mahārā-jāputra’ &c Vide Baṇskhera plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p 211). महाराजपुत्र—‘Great prince’—occurs in Benares plate of Karṇadeva (E I. vol. II p 309 of 1042 A D) and his Goharwa plate in 1047 A D (E I XI p 141) and Kahla plate of Soḍhadeva in saṁvat 1134 (E I. VII p 85 at p 91) महाराज्ञी—Vide E I. VII p. 85 at p 91. महाराणक—Vide I. A. vol 18 p 214 (of saṁvat 1216) महाव्यूहपति—‘Chief Master of battle arrays’ Occurs in the plate of Bhojavarmadeva in E I XII p 37 at p 40 महाश्रेष्टिन्—Great banker Occurs in Kahla plate of Soḍhadeva (E I VII pp 85, 91) महाभ्रंशल—One of the five high offices instituted by Lalitāditya of Kashmir. Vide Rājat. IV 142 महाश्वसाधनिक—Commander of a cavalry force Occurs in the Benares and Goharwa plates of Karṇadeva (in E I vol II p 309 and E I. XI p 141), Kharha plate of Yaśahkarṇadeva (E. I. XII p 205 at p 213) महासन्धिविग्रहिक—Great Minister of peace and war. Occurs in Benares plate of Karṇadeva in 1041 A. D. (E. I. II p. 309) महासन्धिविग्रहाधिकृत—Great minister of peace and war Occurs in the Palitana plate of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 (E I XI p. 80), in plate of Buddharāja (E I VI at p 299 in 609–10 A. D.), in the Pimpari plate of Dhruvarāja (E I X at p 89) in śake 697 In the Harṣacarita (VI) Harṣa is said to have dictated his proclamation of digvijaya to ‘Mahā. kṛta’ who sat near hiṃ In E I IX at p. 290 (plates of Śaṅkaragaṇa) and E I XII p 30 at p. 35, we have 'mahāsandhivigra-hādhikaraṇādhikṛta` महासाधनिक—Great Commander Occurs in Kahla plate of Soḍha-deva in Vikrama 1134 (E I VII p 85 at p 91). महासांधिविग्रहिक – One of five high officers instituted by Lalitāditya of Kashmir. Vide Rajat. IV 142-43

महासांधिविग्रहिक—Same as महासंधिविग्रहिक Occurs in Gupta Ins No 22 p. 100 at p 104 (the Khou plate of Gupta year 163), the Ambarnath Ins dated śake 782 (JBBRAS vol 9 p 219), the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I A 15 p 304 at p 306), E. I. XI p 141, E. I. XII p. 6 at p 9 (Lakṣmanasena’s grant).

महासामन्त—Great chieftain The Yādavas of Sindinagara (vide E I II p 217 of śake 922, I A. 17 p 120 of śake 948) and the Rattas of Saundatti were often so styled (Bombay Gazetteer vol. 21 p 354) The Valabhi king Dhruvasena is called mahārāja and mahāsāmanta in E I XI p 107 (in Gupta year 206 ) and E I. XV at 256 (in Gupta Year 210) and E I XIX p 302 and p 304 The word occurs in the Banskhēra plate of Harsa in his 22nd year i e about 628–29 A D (E I IV p 208, at p 211) and in the Madhuban plate of the 25th year of Harsa’s reign (E I vol. I pp 63, 67) Vide also Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I A. vol 15 pp 304, 306 ), Rāstrakūṭe grant of śake 679 (JBBRAS vol 16 pp 105, 108), E I XV p 85 in śake 981 (where one Nāgadeva is both mahāsāmantādhipati and daṇḍanāyaka of Somesvara 1), E I vol. II p. 309 (Benares plate of Karnadeva)

महासामन्ताधिपति—Probably means the same thing as महासामन्त In E I IV p 259 one Bhogadēvarasa is styled mahāsāmantādhipati and daṇḍanāyaka (Kelavadi Ins of the time of Somesvara I in 1053 A D ), E I VI pp 285, 292 (plate of Mahā-Daṇḍivarma of Gujerat in śake 789), E I XX p 61 (one Kesavayya is daṇḍanāyaka and mahā- of Belvola 300 in śake 934), E I V p 234, I. A. vol 48 p 1, E. I IV p. 243 at p. 250

महासेनापति—Great Commander of armies The word occurs in the Nasik Ins No. 24 We have a mahāsenāpati Bhavagopa (E I VIII at p 94) and in Nāśik Inṣ No. 3 of Vasithiputa Siripulumāvī (Bombay Gazetteer vol 16 p. 556), in the Nagarjunikoṇḍa Ins (of 3rd century A D ) Chāntiśiri is said to have been married to a person entitled mahão and mahāśalavara (E I. XX p. 1 and pp 6 and 16), in E I. XII p 6, 9 (Lakṣmanasena’s grant). . मार्गपति—Guardian of frontiers or passes Occurs in Nālandā stone Ins of Yaśovarmadeva’s time about 530 A D. in E I. XX pp 37, 41.

मार्गपाल—Same as above Occurs in Nārada quoted by the Mit on Yajā II. 271. Vide dikpāla above for the reference

याष्टीक—‘ staff bearer ’, an attendant on a king Vide Rājat VI. 203. The word is derived from ‘ yasti’ acc. to Pān IV. 4 59 (meaning ‘yastih praharaṇam-asya ’).

युक्त्त—An officer, whose exact function is not known ; but in the inscriptions of Asoka it is said that yuktas are to receive orders from the parişad ( council of ministers). Vide the 3rd Rock Edict at Girnar (Corpus I. I. vol I p 4). The word also occurs in Kauṭilya II. 5 and 9.

युक्त्तक—Same as above Occurs in the Cambay plates of Govinda IV in sake 852 (E. I VII pp. 26, 39 ) and the Karhad plates of Krsna III of sake 880 (E I. IV. pp. 278, 285 ).

युवराज—Crown Prince. Occurs in Kaut. I. 12 among the 18 tirthaṣ The word occurs in the Mathurā Lion pillar capital (Corpus I. I. vol. II p. 40 ) and in the Candrāvāti plates of Candradeva of Kanoj (E. L IX p. 302 at p. 304 )

रज्जुक् (or रज्जुक) or रज्जुक—An officer of land survey and revenue department The word occurs (as rajuka) in the 3rd Rock Edict of Asoka at Girnar in Corpus I. I vol I pp 4-5 and in E I. XXIV p. 52 (under Vākāṭaka Emperor Pravarasena II),

रहस्याधिकृत—Private Secretary. The word occurs in the Pallava Śivaskandavarman’s grant (E. L vol. I p. 2 at p. 7 ), in the Vilavatti grant of Pallava Simhavarman (E L XXII p. 296 at p 298), in a Kadamba plate (E. L VI p 13 ).

राजकुमार—A prince. Occurs in the grant of Śivaskandavarman (E I vol. I p 2 at p 5)

राजकुल—(modern Rāvaļ or Rāuļ). Vide E. I XX Appendix No 324 for the Ins of mahāmaṇḍaleśvara-rājakula-Rana-sideva in Vikrama year 1223, E I. XXV at p. 156 Mayūra-bhañja grant (where rājakula Heramba is said to be the lekhaka )

राजगुरु—Occurs frequently in the Inscriptions of the Raṭṭas of Saundatti (Bombay Gazetteer, vol 21 p 354 for Belgaum ) and in the plate of Yādava Seupacandra (I. A. vol. 12 p. 119 at p. 120 ). राजन्—Either a mere title or ‘a feudatory’. This is often the first among the several persons addressed in several grantṣ The word occurs in Abbona plates of Śankaragaṇa in 595 A. D. (E. I. X p 297), in the Candrāvatī plate of Candra- deva of samvat 1148 (E. I. IX p 305), in Lakṣmaṇasena's grant (E. I. XII at p 9). Vide Vogel p. 121

राजन्क—a kṣatriya chief. It occurs in Lakṣmaṇasena's grant (E. I. XII p. 6 at p 9).

राजपुत्र—lit. ‘a prince’, but in many inscriptions it has some technical meaning such as ‘nobleman’ or ‘knight’. The word occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321 where the order is ‘rāja-rāṇaka-rājaputra-rājāmātya’), in Gupta Inṣ No 46 at pp 213, 216, Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A vol 15 pp 304, 306), in Lakṣmaṇa- sena's grant (E. I. VII p 6 at p 9). Vide Vogel p 121 and Fleet's note 1 on p. 218 of Gupta Inṣ

राजश्रेष्ठिन्—King's banker or chief of bankerṣ Occurs in Coṃ on Yaśastilaka I p. 91. Vide note 148 above.

राजस्थानीय—Exact function uncertaiṇ In Gupta Ins No 35 at p 157 he appears to be a high officer, but a low one in Gupta Inṣ No. 38 at p. 170. In the Rājat VIII. 2618 he appears to be chief justice. Bühler in I.A vol V p 207 takes the word to mean 'an officer who carries out the object of protecting the subjects'. In J. R. A. S. 1895 p 382 rājas- thānīya Bhaṭṭi is the dūtaka of the grant. In the plates of Simhāditya in Gupta—Valabhī year 255 (574 A. D.) the order is 'rājaputra-rājasthānīyāmātya'. Vide the Banskhèra plate of Harsa (E. I. IV pp. 208, 211), Gupta Inṣ No 46 pp. 213, 216, Vasantagaḍh Ins of Varmalāta in samvat 682 (E. I. IX p. 192), Palitana plate of Dharasena (E. I. XI p. 83), the Gujerat Rāṣṭrakūṭa grant of śake 697 in J. B. B. R. A. S. vol. 16 pp. 105, 108, Vogel p 122 and explanation in E. I. XI p. 176.

राज्ञानक—A minister. The title occurs frequently in the Rājat (vide VI. 117, 261). It was given for services to the king and survives in the form ‘Razdān’ as a family name among Kashmir brāhmaṇaṣ The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A vol 15 pp 304, 306), in the Parikud plate of Madhyama-rājadeva of Śailodbhava dynasty (E. I. XI pp. 281, 286). Vide Vogel. p. 121 who राजमात्यः—King's minister. In the Nasik Inṣ No. 19 (E. I. VIII p. 91) this word occurs in the Prakrit form 'rāyāmaa'. The word also occurs in Gupta Inṣ No. 46 (pp. 213, 216), Nālanda plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321), Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyanapāla (I. A. vol. 15 pp. 304, 306).

राज्ञी—Queeṇ Vide Candrāvati plate of Candradeva in saṁvat 1148 (E. I. IX at p. 305), the grant of Laksmanasena in E. I. XII at p. 9 ( the order being 'āśesa-rājā-rājaṇyaka-rājūl-rāņaka-rājaputra-rājāmātya &c ) and the plate of Vijaya-sena (E. I. XV at p. 283 ).

राणक—A noblemaṇ Occurs in Nālanda plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321), in Laksmanasena's grant (E. I. XII at p. 9), in the Inṣ of Kalacuri Narasimhadeva of Dāhala in Vikrama year 1216 (I. A. vol. 18 p. 214). Viradhavala and Lavanaprasāda of the Vāghela line are styled mahāmaṇḍa-lesvara and rāņaka in Abu Inṣ No. 2 dated 1123 A. D. (E. I. VIII at p. 205). Vide J. B. O. R. S. vol. V p. 582 at p 588.

राष्ट्रकूट—Head of a district (on the analogy of grāmakūța). Vide J. B. R. A. S vol. 16 at p. 117.

राष्ट्रपति—Ruler of a province. The word occurs in E. I. VII p. 39 in 852 A. D., in the Karhad plates of Krşņa III dated śake 880 (E. I. IV pp. 278, 285), in the Kauṭhem plate of Vikramāditya V in śake 930 (I. A. vol. 16 pp. 15, 24).

राष्ट्रपाल—Head of a province. The word occurs in Kauṭ. V. I.

राष्टिक—Ruler of a province. In the Prākṛit form 'raṭṭhika' the word occurs in the grant of Śivaskandavarman (E. I. vol. I p 2 at p 5).

राष्ट्रिय—Ruler of a district or province. Vide p 117 and note 155a above and Śāntiparva 85. 12.

रूपदर्शक—Examiner of coinṣ The word occurs in Kauṭ. II. 5, for which see note 184a. In E. I. XXII p 30 there is a state-ment that in the Jogīmāra inscription rūpadakkha (rūpadarśa or rūpadaksa ?) occurṣ Prof. D. R. Bhandarkar takes it to mean 'banker'.

लिपिकर—Writer of an edict or order. The word occurs in the Brahmagiri Rock Inṣ in Corpus I. L. vol. I at p. 176. Pāņini III. 2, 21 teaches the formation of 'lipikara'. लेखक—Scribe or clerk in a public office The word occurs in Nasik Ins No. 16 and No 26 (Bombay Gazetteer vol 16 pp 582 and 605 ), in the Visnudharmottara II. 24 26–28, Sukra II 120.

लेखहारक—Letter-carrier. Occurs in Rajat VI 319.

लेखाधिकारिकृत्—A Secretary. Occurs in Rajat III. 206

विद्याधिकारिन्—Director of educatioṇ In the Kondavidu Ins one Srinatha is said to have been the Vidyadhikarin of Vema in E I XI p. 313 at p. 314

विनियुक्त—An officer, whose functions are not clear The word occurs in the Bhavnagar plate of Dhruvasena I in 529 A D (E I XV p. 256 ), in the Valabhi grant of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 (I A vol 15 p 187 ), in the Gupta ins No 38 p. 164 at p. 169 (the Maliya plate of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 ), the Bhagalpur plate of Narayanapala (I A. 15 pp. 304, 306 ).

विनियुक्त—Same as above. The word occurs in the grant of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 (E I XI pp 80, 83 ), in the Nalanda plate of Devapala in E I. XVII at p. 321 (where the word is preceded by ‘ayuktaka’)

विषयपति—Ruler of a district The word occurs in the Kavi grant of Jayabhata (I. A. 5 p. 114, in the beginning of the 5th century A D.), in the Abbona plates of Sankaragana in E. I IX p 297 (in 595 A D.), in the Banskhera plate of Harsa (E L IV pp 208, 211 ), in the Karhad plate of Krsna III dated sake 880 (E. L IV pp. 278, 285 ), in the Bhagalpur plate of Narayanapala (I. A. 15 pp 304, 306), in E I. VII p 39 (in 852 A. D.).

विषयेदा—Same as above The word occurs in the grant of Siva-skandavarman (E I vol. I at p. 5 ).

वीथिभहत्तर—Probably elder of a vithi (a district). Occurs in a grant of Gupta year 120 (Indian Historical Quarterly vol. 19 p. 12 at pp. 16, 21 )

वीरयान्त्रिक—‘Person belonging to a military expedition’. The word occurs in Chamba Ins Noṣ 15, 25, 26. Vide Vogel p. 129.

वेटिकिल—Meaning uncertain, but it may mean ‘bearer of a Vitika’ (betel) It occurs in Chamba Inṣ No. 15 at p 166. Vide Vogel p. 128. वेलाविज्ञ—Meaning uncertaiṇ The word occurs frequently in the Rājāt. (V. 226, VI 73, 106, 127). वैक्रेषिक—Function unknowṇ It occurs in E. I XXVI at p. 206 (six Saindhava grants from Ghumli) of about 9th century A D व्यवहारिन्—Meaning uncertain It occurs in the plate of Jayanāga from Karna-suvarna (E I. XVIII pp 60, 63). व्रजभूमिक—Superintendent of cowpenṣ It occurs in the 12th Rock Edict of Aśoka at Girnar in the form ‘vacabhūmika’ (Corpus I. I. vol. I p 20). शभ्यापाल or शय्याग्राहक—Guardian of the bed-chamber. Vide ‘Inscriptions from Baroda’ edited by Mr. A. S Gadre p. 72 (a village was donated to a Nāgara-brāhmaṇa Prabhākara who was ‘śayyāgrāhaka of Karpūradevī’) शरभङ्ग—It occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E I XVII at 321 ) and in Chamba Inṣ No. 15 at p 166 (where it is read as ‘sarobhaṅga’ Vide Vogel p 123 and ‘Indian Culture’ vol. VII p. 305 at p 309. Has the word anything to do with the words ‘śarayantra’ and ‘śarayantrī’? The latter was a title bestowed in Mithilā upon a very learned man who faced the ordeal of answering satisfactorily all questions on any śāstra put to him by learned ācāryas and also the questions put by common people. Vide a paper ‘Declaration of śarayantri’, contributed to the All India Oriental Conference at Benares (in 1943) by Pandit Ramanātha Jha of Darbhanga. शुल्कग्राह—An official who recovered tolls or customs dutieṣ Occurs in Sukra II 120. शौल्किक—Superintendent of tolls or customs duties The word occurs in Yāj. II. 173 and in Gupta Inṣ No. 12 pp 50, 52, in the grant of Dharasena II of Gupta year 252 (I. A. 15 p. 187 ), in Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I A. 15 pp 304, 306 ). Vide note on ‘gaulmika’ above श्रीकरण—A scribe. The minister Hemādri is styled ‘sarvaśrīkaraṇa-prabhu’. Vide H. of Dh. vol I p 356 ṇ 849. श्रीकरणाधपि or श्रीकरणप्रणी—Head of all scribes or head of all departments In E I. XIII at p 17 one Bīcana or Bīcirāja is said to have been the Śrīka- of mahāmaṇḍaleśvara Kārtavīrya IV of Hangal Hemādri is styled ‘samastakaraṇādhiśvara’ or ‘samastakaraṇādhipati’. Vide H. of Dh. vol. I pp. 356-357 notes 850-851. बषाधिकृत—Officer who collected the royal share viz. 6th of the cropṣ It occurs in the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapala in E I. IV p. 243 at p. 250. सचिब—Minister. Vide p. 105 and note 150 above. सञ्चरक्त—A spy. It occurs in the grant of Śivaskandavarman (E. I. vol. I p. 2 at p. 5). In I. 12 Kauṭilya speaks of sañcāras (wandering spies like tīksna, rasada &c. ). संघीकृत्—Vide p. 111 above. सन्धिबिग्रहिक—Minister for peace and war. This form of the word occurs in Visnudharmottara II. 24. 17 and in Śāntiparva 85 30. संनिपातृ—The Superintendent of the construction of the royal treasury, store houses &c. The word occurs in Kaut II. 5, I. 12 and in the plate of Mahābhavagupta (E. I. VIII pp 138, 141 and E I. XI pp. 93, 94). Vide p. 143 above. समाहर्तृ—Collector-General The word occurs in Kaut. I. 12 and II. 6, Śabara on Jai. XII. 1. 28 and in the plate of Mahābha- vagupta (E I VIII at p. 141 and XI at p. 94). Vide p. 143 and note 184 above. सर्वेषणनायक—Commander-in-chief of all forceṣ The word occurs in I. A. vol 8 p. 19, vol. 9 at p. 167, vol. 10 p. 129. सर्वाधिकारिक—Prime Minister. Occurs in Rajat. VII. 568. सर्वाधिकृत—Probably the same as above The word occurs in the Purle plate of Indravärman in the Ganga year 149 i e. 605 A. D. (E. I. XIV pp. 360, 362). साबत्सर—Astrologer. Occurs in Viṣṇu Dṇ S III. 75, Brhatsam- hita 2. 9. Vide p 126 above साबत्सरिक—Astrologer. Occurs in Paithinasi Vide note 193 above. साध्यपाल—Bailiff who summoned parties and witnesseṣ Vide p. 278 above. सान्धिविग्रहिक—Minister for peace and war. Occurs in Viṣṇu- dharmottara II. 24. 17 and in the Mit on Yaj. I. 320 (which quotes a verse to the effect that the ‘sandhivigrahakarin’ is to issue a royal grant) and in Gupta Inṣ No. 1 at p. 15 (the prasasti of Samudragupta). सामन्त—feudatory chief. Under the Rattas of Saundatti certain high officials are often so called (Boṃ Gazetteer vol. 21 p. 354 for Belgaum). The word occurs in Abona plates of III ] Śaṅkaragāṇa in 595 A.D. (E.I. IX p 297), in Madhuban plate of Harṣa (E.I. VII at p. 158), E.I. VI p. 298 (plate of Buddharāja in 609–10 A.D.). चाहसाधिपति—Occurs in Śukra I. 120. सीमकर्मकर—Officer who looked to the work of boundarieṣ Occurs in Gupta Inṣ No. 46 pp 213, 216. सुसन्त्र—Vide p. 114 and note 150. सूत—One of the ratninṣ Vide p. 111 above. सूपकारपति—Head cook. The word occurs in Taleśvara plates (E.I. XIII pp. 109, 115) सेनभोगिक—Meaning uncertaiṇ It occurs in the plate of Danti-varman of Gujerat in śake 789 (E.I. VI p 285). सेनापति—Commander-in-chief. Vide p. 127 above and Br. quoted by Viśvarūpa on Yaj I. 307. Puṣyamitra, the founder of the Śuṅga dynasty and Bhaṭārka, the founder of the Valabhi dynasty, and his son Dharasena were styled senāpati; vide I.A. 15 p 187 (plate of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 ), E.I. vol. I p 2 at p 5 (grant of Pallava Sivaskandavarman ), JBBRAS vol. 16 pp. 105, 108, E.I. IX at p 305. सौवर्णिक—State goldsmith. Vide pp 144–145 above. स्कन्दक—A petty officer, probably head of the village administra-tioṇ Vide Rājat. V. 175. स्यय्यक्षहामाहमात्रा—Officer superintendent of the harem The word occurs in the 12th rock Edict of Aśoka in a prākrit form ( Corpus I.I. vol. I at p 20 ). स्थपति—Architect. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 39. स्थपतिस्राद्र—Chief architect. Occurs in Karitalai plates of Mahārāja Jayanātha (Gupta Inṣ No. 26 of the Gupta year 174 at p. 119). स्थानपाल—Officer in charge of a police post. Vide p. 149 above स्थानिक—An officer in charge of a ward of a city or a district. Vide pp. 143 and 149 above. हस्त्यश्वोष्ट्रबलव्याप्र—Officers in charge of the elephant arm, cava-lry, camel corps of an army. This occurs in Chamba Inṣ No. 15 at p 166. In the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E.I. XVII at p 321) we have ‘hastyaśvostra-nau-bala-vyāpr-taka’.

एकमेवा द्वितीयं तदाहुः पावनमात्मनः । सत्यं स्वर्गस्य सोपानं पारावारस्य नौरिव ॥ १० अश्वमेधसहस्रं च सत्यं च तुल्या भृतम् । अश्वमेधसहस्रात्तु सत्यमेव विशिष्यते ॥ ११ वरं कूषादताड़ापी वरं वापीशतात्कुतः । वरं क्रतुशतात्पुत्रः सत्यं पुत्रशताद्वरम् ॥ १२ भूर्यादियति सत्येन सत्येनोदेति भास्करः । सत्येन वायुः श्रवते सत्येनापः स्रवन्ति च ॥ १३ सत्येनैव परं दानं सत्यमेव परं तपः । सत्यमेव परो धर्मः लोकानामिनिति नः श्रुतम् ॥ १४ सत्यं देवाः समासेन मनुष्यास्तृतं स्मृतम् । इहैव तस्य देवत्वं यस्य सत्ये स्थिता मतिः ॥ १५ सत्यं मृद्वन्तं त्यक्त्वा सत्येन स्वर्गेभेयसि । उक्त्वावृतं महाघेोरं नरकं प्रतिपत्स्यसे ॥ १६ नरकेषु च ते शंलिजिहासुक्लय दारुणाः । अलिभिः शातिभिष्यन्त बलिमो यमकिङ्कराः ॥ १७ शैलैर्भस्यन्ति चाक्रम्य कोशान्तरपरायणम् । अवस्थितं समुद्रत्स्य क्षेप्स्यन्ति त्वां हुताशने ॥ १८ अनुभूय च तास्तीब्राघ्रिं नरकवेदनाः । इह यास्यसि पापेाषु गुप्रकादियोनिषु ॥ १९ शाश्वेतानुते दोषाञ्ज्ञात्वा सत्ये च सगुणान् । सत्यं वदोदरात्मनं नालमानं पातय स्वयम् ॥ २० न चाम्भवा न क्षुहृदो न धनानि महान्त्यपि । अले धारयितुं शक्तास्तमस्युग्रे निमज्जतः ॥ २१ पितरस्त्ववनम्बन्ते त्वयि साक्षित्वमागते । तारयिष्यति किन्त्वस्मान् (किन्त्वस्मान् ?) किं चार्य पातयिष्यति ॥ २२ सत्यमात्मा मनुष्यस्य सत्यं सर्वे प्रतिष्ठितम् । सत्यमुक्तासनात्मनाभं श्रेयसा संयोजय ॥ २३ यस्यां राजाकनिष्ठा यस्यां रात्रीं मरिष्यसि । वृथा तदन्तरं दुभ्यं साक्ष्यं चेदन्यथा कुर्याः ॥ २४ ब्रह्महस्त्वं तु ये लोका ये च स्त्रीबालघातिनाम् । ये च लोकाः कृतघ्नस ते ते स्युर्वेवृणो कृतम्॥२५ नास्ति सत्यात्परो धर्मो नासत्यात्पतकं परम् । साक्षिधर्मे विशेषेण सत्यमेव वदेत्तः ॥ २६ पुराणयोद्वौ श्लोको भवतः । यः परार्थं प्रहिष्यत्वां वाचं पुरुषाधमः । आत्मायं किं न कुर्यात्तं पापं नरकिनिर्मयः ॥ २७ वाच्यर्थी नियताः सर्वे वाड्मूला वाग्विनिश्चिताः । यो हि तां स्तेनयेद्वाचं स सर्वस्तेयकृत् ॥ २८ नारद ( ऋणादान 201-228 )

Seven verses out of these occur elsewhere also. Verse 1 is the same as Manu 8. 93 and Vaṣ 16. 33; verse 3 is the same as Udyoga 35. 31; verses 7-9 are the same as Manu 8. 97-99, while verses 8-9 are the same as Udyogaparva 35. 33-34 and verse 8 occurs also in Bauḍ Dh S. I. 10. 35 and Vaṣ 16, 34; verse 11 is the same as Ādiparva 74. 103, Śāntiparva 162. 26 and Anusasana 75. 29; verse 25 is almost the same as Manu 8. 89. निनयनमुक्क्रम् । एका हमाशाीं संवांवार्ध । यस्य घटस्फोट: कृतस्तेन संसर्गी न केनापि कार्ये । करणे पतिततुल्यता । धर्मंसिन्धु, परिच्छेद III, उत्तरार्ध p 453. This is a summary of a longer passage on the same subject from the निर्णयसिन्धु, परिच्छेद III उत्तरार्ध p. 567. As to taking back into the social fold a man who repents after ghatasphota is performed the following pro- cedure is prescribed in the Dharmasindhu: घृतघटस्फोटस्य पुंसोनुतापे तत्प्रायप्रायश्चित्तान्ते संग्रहविधिरुच्यते । तत्रादौ शुद्धिपरीक्षा । कृतप्रायश्चित्तो ज्ञातिसमक्षं गोम्यष्णुभारं दयात् । गोमिष्टणे मक्षिते शुद्धिः । अक्षणभावे पुनः प्रायश्चित्तं चरेत् । एवं निश्चितसद्द्गौ समानेयुनवं घटम् । हंसे वा मृन्मय वापि पविनजल- पूरितम् ॥ तत सापिण्डास्त घटं संस्कृत्यामिमन्त्य तज्जलेः पावमानी- भिरापोहिरेष्ट्रेत्यादिमिस्तर- स्सम्मदमीम्त्र पावनमिमभिष्य तेन सह सर्वे स्नात्वा तं जलघरमस्मै दयुः । स च शान्ता यौः ज्ञान्ता पृथिवी शान्तं विश्वमन्तरिक्षं यो रोचनस्तामिह ग्रहामीति यजुर्भिश्चतं घटं गृहीयात् । ततस्तदुदकं तेनैव साकं सर्वे पिवेयु । ततः स कृष्णाम्बराज्येदोभं हुत्वा सुवर्णे गा च दयात् । ततस्तस्य जातकमीदिग्वान्धम्वान्ता विवाहाप्ता वा संस्काराः कार्यो । एवं कृते शुद्रेन तेन संसर्भभोजनाविध्यवहारं कुयीत् । एवमुपपातके महापातके व कृतघटस्फोटस्य अदि- ष्टैया । इति संक्षेपनः कृतघटस्कटोटुद्धि । धर्मेसिन्धु III उत्तरार्ध p. 454 The निर्गय- सिन्धु ( III उत्तरार्ध p 568 ) has a similar but more elaborate note, quotes and relies on Gaut. 20. 10–17, Manu XI. 186, Yāj. III. 295, Vaṣ 15. 17–21, the Mit, Aparārka and Hemādri. NOTE 1302— शौनकोऽहं प्रवक्ष्यामि पुत्रसङ्ग्रहमुत्तमम् । अपुत्रो मृतपुत्रो वा पुत्रार्थी ससुपोष्य च ॥ १ वाससी कुण्डले दत्त्वा उष्णोषं चाटुलीयकम् । आचार्यं धर्मसंयुक्तं वैवर्णं वेदपारगम् ॥ २ मधुपर्केण संपूज्य राजानं च द्विजाऽऽच्छचीन् । बहिः कुञ्जरम् चैव पालाशे क्षेममेव च ॥ ३ एतानाहृत्य चक्षूंषि द्रातीनाहूय यत्नतः । बन्धूनुन्नेनं संभोज्य ब्राह्मणांश्च विशेषतः ॥ ४ कन्यामादाय यत्नेन ह्यत्वायोज्वलनादिकम् । दातुं, समक्षं गत्वा तु पुत्रं देहीति याग्नयेत् ॥ ५ दाने समर्थो दातारे ये यशेनेति पश्चिमे । देवस्य त्वेति मन्त्रेण हस्ताभ्यां प्रतिगृह्य च ॥ ६ अन्नपश्चेत्युचं जप्त्वा चाघ्राय शिशुमेधिनि । वस्त्रादिमिरलंकृत्य पुत्रच्छायावहं छतम् ॥ ७ नृत्यगीतैश्च वाद्यैश्च स्वस्तिशब्दैश्च संयुतम् । गृहमध्ये समादाय चरुं हुत्वा विधानतः ॥ ८ यस्तस्या हृदयेचैव तुभ्यमत्र क्रौंचुका । सोमो दद्धेदितामितिः प्रत्युच्चं पञ्चमिस्तथा ॥ ९ स्विष्टकृदादिहोमं च कृत्वा शेषं समापयेत् । ब्राह्मणानां सपिन्येषु कर्त्तव्यः पुत्रसंग्रहः ॥ १० तदभावेऽसपिण्डो वा अन्यत्र तु न कारयेत् । क्षत्रियाणां स्वजातौ वा गुरुगोत्रसमोपि वा ॥ ११ वैश्यानां वैश्यजातेषु शूद्राणां शूद्रजातिषु । सर्वेषामेव वर्णानां जातिश्चैव न चान्यतः ॥ १२ दौहित्री भाग्निषेयश्च शूद्राद्यापि च दीयते । ब्राह्मणादीनये नास्ति भाग्निषेयः सुतः क्वचित् ॥ १३ नैकपुत्रेण कर्त्तव्यं पुत्रदानं कदाचन । बहुपुत्रेण कर्त्तव्यं पुत्रदानं प्रयत्नतः ॥ १४ दक्षिणां गुरवे दद्याद्यथाशक्ति द्विजात्तमः । नृपो राष्ट्रमेवापि वैश्यो वितशतत्रयम् ॥ १५ शूद्रः सर्वस्वेमेवापि अशक्तश्चेद्यथाबलम् । १५ NOTE 1751—वनपर्व 188. 30-64

सहस्रान्ते नराः सर्वे प्रायशोऽनृतवादिनः । यज्ञप्रतिनिधिः पार्थ दानप्रतिनिधिस्तथा ॥ ३० व्रतप्रतिनिधिश्चैव तस्मिन् काले प्रवर्तते । ब्राह्मणाः शूद्रकर्मणस्था शूद्रा धर्मजकैकाः ॥ ३१ अत्रधर्मेण वाप्यत्र वर्तयन्ति गते युगे । निस्सत्त्वशस्त्राभ्याया दण्डानिर्विनिर्जिताः ॥ ३२ ब्राह्मणाः सर्वभक्ष्याश्च भविष्यन्ति कलौ युगे । अजपा ब्राह्मणास्नस्त शूद्रा जपररायणाः ॥३३ विपरीते तदा लोके पूर्वरूपं स्वस्य यत् । बहवो म्लेच्छराजानः पृथिव्यां मनुजाधिप ॥ ३४ मृगानुशासिनः पापा मृशावादपरायणाः । आन्ध्राः शकाः पुलिन्दाश्च यवनान्नृपाधिपाः ॥३५ काम्बोजा वाहिकाः शूद्रास्तत्प्रायमीरा नरोत्तमः । न तदा ब्राह्मणः कश्चित्स्वधर्ममुपजीविनः ॥३६ क्षत्त्रियाश्चापि वैश्याश्च विकर्मस्था नराधिप । अल्पायुषः सत्वचलाः स्वलवीर्यपराक्रमाः ॥३७ अल्पसारोपदेहाश्च तथा सत्याल्पभाषिणः । बहुशूद्रा जनपदा मृगव्याकुला दिशाः ॥ ३८ युगान्ते समनुप्राप्ते व्रता ब्रह्मवादिनः । भोगान्वितश्चाः शूद्रा ब्राह्मणाचार्यवादिनः ॥ ३९ युगान्ते मनुजव्याग्र भवन्ति बहुजन्तवः । न तथा प्राणयुक्तश्च सर्वांगना विशांपतेः ॥ ४० रसाश्च मनुजव्याग्र न तथा स्वाडुयोगिनः । बहुप्रजा ह्रस्वदेहाः शीलाचारविवर्जिताः ॥ सुखभागाः स्त्रियो राजन् भविष्यन्ति युगक्षये ॥ ४१ अग्रहा जनपदाः शिवाशूलाभ्युपगाः । केशशूलाः स्त्रियो राजन् भविष्यन्ति युगक्षये ॥ ४२ अल्पक्षीराश्च गावो भविष्यन्ति जनाधिप । अल्पपुष्पफलप्रापि पादपा बहुवयसः ॥ ४३ ब्रह्मवध्याभिशंसानां तथा मिथ्याभिशंसिनाम् । नृपाणां पृथिवीपाल प्रतिगृह्णन्ति ये द्विजाः ॥ ४४ लोभमोहमहीताश्च मिथ्याधर्मध्वजावृताः । मिथ्यार्थ पृथिवीपाल चक्रुर्धर्म्मं ये द्विजाः ॥ ४५ करमायमयाद्रीताः गृहेभ्यः परिमोषकाः । मुनिश्चक्राकृतिच्छद्मा वाणिज्यमुपजीविनः ॥ ४६ मिथ्या च नश्वरोलोपा धारयन्ति तदा द्विजाः । अर्थलोभान्वितप्राप्ताः तथा ब्रह्मचारिणः ॥ ४७ आश्रमेषु वृथाचारा पापान्नृपत्वरात्मनाम् । इहलौकिकमीहन्ते मांसशोणितवर्धनम् ॥ ४८ बहुपाषण्डस्रक्प्रणुनाः परान्नान्नुनादिनः । आश्रमा मनुजव्याग्र भविष्यन्ति युगक्षये ॥ ४९ यद्यदुवर्षी भगवान् तथा पाकशासनः । न वापि सर्वबीजानि सम्यग्रोहेति भारत ॥ ५० हिंसामिश्रम् जनस्तथा संप्रचेष्टन्ति । अधर्मफलमल्पार्थ तदा भवति धनवः ॥ ५१ तदा च पृथिवीपाल यो भवेद्धर्मसंयुतः । अल्पायुः स हि मन्तव्यो न हि धर्मोस्त कथ्यते ॥५२ भूमिष्ठं कूटमानेन पथ्यं विकीर्णते (विकीर्णते ?) जनः (नाः ?) । वाणिज्य नरव्याग्र बहुमाया मनुच्युत ॥ ५३ धर्मीष्ठाः परिहीयन्ते पापीयानवर्धते जनः । धर्मस्य क्षयहानिः स्यादधर्मश्च वर्धते ॥ ५४ अल्पायुषो दरिद्वाश्च धर्मीष्ठा मानवास्तथा । दीर्घायुषः समृद्धायुषं विषमार्णाः युगक्षये ॥ ५५ नगराणां विहारेषु विषमान्यो युगक्षये । अर्द्धमिश्रेति च प्रजा व्यवहारहतच ॥ ५६ सत्वेन तथालयेन भवन्त्यापदमन्वितः । धनं विश्वातो न्यस्तं मिथ्या भूयिष्ठशो नराः ॥५७ तथा व्यवस्थित राजन् पापाचारसमन्विताः । नैतद्दत्तितीति मनुजा वर्धन्ते निरुपधाः ॥ ५८ पुरुषादानि सत्त्वानि पिशिताथ मृगास्तथा । नगराणां विहारेषु शैलेष्वपि च शेरते ॥ ५९ सप्तवर्षोषधीष्व स्त्रियो गर्भभारा नृप । दशाद्दादशवर्षाणां पुंसा पुत्रः प्रजायते ॥ ६० भवन्ति षोडशे वर्षं नराः प्रतिनितस्ततः । आयुषोऽप्यच्युतो महाराजेन प्रवर्तते ॥ ६१ दीर्घायुषो महाराज तरुणा दृढशालिनः । तरुणानां च यच्छ्रीले तत्तद्वेषु प्रजायते ॥ ६२ विपरीतस्तादा नायँ वक्ष्यन्तिस्वाद्वेतः पतन् । व्युत्थवस्यपि दुशीला दासे, पञ्चभिश्रेव च ॥ ६३ वीर्पपसत्यथा नायँ संश्रयन्ति नरात्मयूप। भर्तारमपि जीवन्तमन्यान् व्यभिचरन्तुल ॥ ६४ NOTE 1783

##1. विहितान्त्यपि कर्माणि धर्मलोपभयाद् बुधैः । १ ##2. समयेन निवसत्तानि साध्यभावत्कलो युगे । २ ##3. विधवाया प्रयोजतौ देवरस्य नियोजनम् । ३ ##4. वालिकाक्षतयोन्योस्तु वरेणान्येन संस्कृतिः । ४ ##5. कन्यानामनसवर्णानो विवाहश्च द्विजातिभिः । ५ ##6. आततायिदिजाग्रथाणाँ धर्मयुद्धेन हिंसनम् । ६ ##7. द्विजस्याप्यौ तु नौयातुः शोधितस्यापि सङ्गहः । ७ ##8. सन्नदीक्षा च संषेधो कमण्डलुविधारणम् । ८ ##9. महाप्रस्थानगमने गोसहासिश्च गोसेवे । ९ ##10. सौत्रामण्यामपि सुराग्रहणस्य च संग्रहः । १० ##11. अग्निहोत्रहवनव्याध लेहो लोष्ठापरिग्रहः । ११ ##12. वानप्रस्थाश्रमस्यापि प्रवेशो विधिवोदितः । १२ ##13. वृत्तस्याध्यायसोयेषमसृद्धोचर्चनं तथा । १३ ##14. प्रायश्चित्तविधाने तु विशाणां मरणान्तिकम् । १४ ##15. संसर्गदोषः सेयानाम्यमहापातकान्निवृत्तिः । १५ ##16. चरातिथिपित्र्यश्च पक्षूषकरणक्रिया । १६ ##17. दत्तोसेतरेषां तु पुत्रत्वेन परिग्रहः । १७ ##18. सवर्णान्मगानादृष्टः संसर्गः शोधितेरपि । १८ ##19. अयोनी संप्रहे कृते परित्यागो गुरुक्रियाः । १९ ##20. परोक्षात्मसत्याग उच्छृष्ट्यापवर्जनम् । २० ##21. प्रतिमाभ्यर्चनार्थाय सद्‌रूपक्ष समर्थकः । २१ ##22. आसिसचयनादूर्ध्वमट्स्पर्शजमेव च । २२ ##23. शामित्रं चैव विशाणां सोमविकर्णणं तथा । २३ ##24. षड्भकानशनोताम्रहरणं हीनकर्णेर्गम् । २४ ##25. द्दरेषु दासगोपालकुलमित्रार्थसीरिणाम् । २५ ##26. भोज्यातृता गृहस्थस्य तीर्थसेवातिक्षुत् । २६ ##27. शिष्यस्य गुरुदारेषु गुरुवद ह्रीतिशीलता । २७ ##28. आपत्सुद्विजाज्ञायामश्मस्तलनिकता तथा । २८ ##29. प्रजाश्रुतं तु द्विजाग्रथाणां जातारणरिपरिग्रहः । २९ ##30. ब्राह्मणानां प्रवासित्सुं सुखाभिसमनक्रिया । ३० ##31. बलात्कारदिगुद्रदीसंग्रहो विधिवोदितः । ३१ ##32. यत्तेसु सर्वेष्वैषु भिक्षाचयो विधानतः । ३२ ##33. नवोदके दशाहं च दक्षिणा गुरुचोदिता । ३३ ब्राह्मणादिषु शुहरस्य पचनक्रियापि च । १२४ भूम्नक्षिप्रतनायैश्च वृद्धादिमरणं तथा । १२५ गोप्सिमात्रे पयसि शिष्टैरद्यमनक्रिया । १२६ पितापुत्रविरोधेषु साक्षिणा दण्डकल्पवम् । १३० यते. सार्षगृहत्वं च सूरिभिरुस्तत्वदंशिभिः । १३८ एतानि लोकगुरुस्थं कलेरादौ महात्मभिः । १३९ निवारितानि कर्मीणि व्यवस्थापूर्वकं दुवैः । १४० सम्समयापि साधूनां प्रमाणं वेदवद्वचत् । १४१ शपथः शकुनाः स्वप्नाः सामुद्रिकमुपश्रुतिः । १४२ उपचारितमादेशाः सम्वन्नति कल्लो कारयेत् । १४३ तस्मात्स्नात्रलामोस्ते कल्लो कार्य न कारयेत् । १४४ तथार्थधर्मसमावेष्टादन्यन्यापि कल्लो युगे । १४५

A few important readings have already been noted in the text and notes there. The most extensive lists of Kalivarjyas occur in Sm C, Hemādri (parisēsākhanda, vol. III. part 2 pp. 666-668 ), Par M. vol I part 1 pp. 134-137, Madanaratnapradipa (Samayanirnaya) Mṣ No 146 of Viś collection I (now in the Govt. Msṣ Library at B O. R. Institute, Poona), Udvaha- tattva (p 112-113) and Śuddhitattva pp 273-274 (Jiv.), Nirnaya- sindhu, Samayamayūkha, Bhattoji on Caturvimśatīmata and Smṛti-kaustubha. Detailed explanations are given in the last four of these and in Kṛṣṇabhatta's coṃ on the Nir. S. [N. B—If a topic occurs in the text as well as in a footnote on the same page, a reference to the page alone is generally given]

Abettor, who is, in case of a crime 529. Abbhilaṣitārthacintāmaṇi, (see under Abbhaya, a hymn 75. Mānasollāsa) 13 Abhimanyu, learnt Dhanurveda from his father Arjuna 49. Ābhīras, usage that adultery not puni- shable among 261, 488. Abhiṣecaniya, principal rite in Rāja- sūya 73 Abhyankar, Prof. K V 904. Abuse, defined 511, three kinds of 511 Ācāra, import of, fluctuated from time to time 875–876 Ācāraratna 869ṇ Ācāryas, views of, cited by Kauṭilya 2, 201, 223, 225n, 232, 392. Accountant, an officer in a court of justice 278 Accounts, how kept 199; year of, ended on full moon of Āṣāḍha and comprised 354 days in Kauṭilya's day 144 Activism, philosophy of 169. Ācārya, commentator of Dāyabhāga